Gallium Calcium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga
Ca
Group Number
13
5
2
16
Period Number
4
4
Block
p block
s block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440553
32
7440702
21
Space Group Name
Cmca
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
64.00
9
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Humphry Davy
Discovery
In 1875
In 1808
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
7 * 10-3 %
3
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.007 %
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
16
1.10 %
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
24
5.00 %
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
5
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
1.40 %
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
4
In Bone
Not Available
170,000.00 p.p.m.
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C
99+
839.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C
99+
1,484.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
1.75
17
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa
99+
170.00 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s
31
3,810.00 m/s
19
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga
Ca
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
19
20
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81
15
1.00
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42
2
0.95
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82
1
1.04
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01
5
1.08
17
Allen Electronegativity
1.76
14
1.03
39
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19
39
3.00
9
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
589.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
1,145.40 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
4,912.40 kJ/mol
7
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
6,491.00 kJ/mol
7
5th Energy Level
Not Available
8,153.00 kJ/mol
7
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,496.00 kJ/mol
8
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,270.00 kJ/mol
12
8th Energy Level
Not Available
14,206.00 kJ/mol
15
9th Energy Level
Not Available
18,191.00 kJ/mol
12
10th Energy Level
Not Available
20,385.00 kJ/mol
16
11th Energy Level
Not Available
57,110.00 kJ/mol
3
12th Energy Level
Not Available
63,410.00 kJ/mol
3
13th Energy Level
Not Available
70,110.00 kJ/mol
3
14th Energy Level
Not Available
78,890.00 kJ/mol
4
15th Energy Level
Not Available
86,310.00 kJ/mol
5
16th Energy Level
Not Available
94,000.00 kJ/mol
6
17th Energy Level
Not Available
104,900.00 kJ/mol
7
18th Energy Level
Not Available
111,711.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
0.75 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV
23
2.87 eV
38
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31
99+
20
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Ar] 4s2
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
31
99+
20
99+
Number of Neutrons
39
99+
20
99+
Number of Electrons
31
99+
20
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm
99+
197.00 pm
6
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
176.00 pm
22
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm
32
231.00 pm
19
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu
99+
40.08 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
29.90 cm3/mol
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)
19
29.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm
18
558.84 pm
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3
99+
1.55 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3
99+
1.38 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
15
25.50 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
7.40 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
17.00 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa
99+
20.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.47
1
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.91
99+
4.58
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m
15
33.60 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
0.30 106/cm Ω
6
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
2.37 kJ/mol
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
0.63 J/(kg K)
7
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K
35
25.93 J/mol·K
34
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K
34
201.00 W/m·K
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
22.30 µm/(m·K)
19
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol
36
150.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
8.54 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol
39
184.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K
38
41.60 J/mol.K
36
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