Gold Praseodymium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Au
Pr
Group Number
11
7
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440575
31
7440100
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
- Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Not Available
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
In 1885
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
40
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
18
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
- This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Moderately Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
Not Available
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
30
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C
99+
935.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C
36
3,130.00 °C
27
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gold
Grayish White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa
99+
481.00 MPa
24
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa
31
400.00 MPa
25
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s
99+
2,280.00 m/s
40
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
95.00 %
2
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au
Pr
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
31
8
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54
1
1.13
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.07
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87
7
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.92
5
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46
99+
2.87
12
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol
8
527.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
1,020.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
2,086.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
3,761.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
5,551.00 kJ/mol
29
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
1.75 g/amp-hr
40
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV
4
2.70 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79
37
59
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Xe] 4f3 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
79
37
59
99+
Number of Neutrons
118
23
82
99+
Number of Electrons
79
37
59
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
182.00 pm
11
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
203.00 pm
9
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm
39
239.00 pm
14
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu
33
140.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
20.80 cm3/mol
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)
99+
42.64 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm
21
367.25 pm
29
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61
4
1.61
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3
15
6.77 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3
6
6.50 g/cm3
39
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
0.00 (Pa)
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)
4
13.20 (Pa)
7
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa
27
14.80 GPa
39
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
28.80 GPa
40
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
37.30 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.28
16
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.32
8
6.77
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
0.70 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K
40
27.20 J/mol·K
18
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K
3
12.50 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
6.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol
27
296.80 kJ/mol
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol
27
6.89 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol
25
368.00 kJ/mol
24
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K
32
73.20 J/mol.K
10
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