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Gold vs Praseodymium

Gold
Praseodymium
Praseodymium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au  
Pr  
Group Number
11  
7
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440575  
31
7440100  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
-  
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE  
In 1885  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C  
99+
935.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C  
37
3,130.00 °C  
28
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gold  
Grayish White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa  
99+
481.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.47  
99+
1.64  
30
Reflectivity
95.00 %  
2
60.00 %  
23
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Au  
Pr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54  
2
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87  
15
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.92  
7
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46  
99+
2.87  
12
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV  
8
2.70 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
79  
37
59  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79  
37
59  
99+
Number of Neutrons
118  
24
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
79  
37
59  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
182.00 pm  
13
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
203.00 pm  
9
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm  
99+
239.00 pm  
18
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu  
33
140.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Cerium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Neodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm  
24
367.25 pm  
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3  
15
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3  
16
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
55.00 MPa  
37
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)  
4
13.20 (Pa)  
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
14.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
28.80 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
37.30 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.28  
16
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32  
17
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
22
0.00  
19
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K  
3
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K  
99+
1,208.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
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