Magnesium vs Cobalt
Periodic Table
Symbol
Mg
Co
Group Number
2
16
9
9
Period Number
3
4
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7439954
99+
7440484
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
- Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Joseph Black
Georg Brandt
Discovery
In 1755
In 1732
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-2 %
2
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.07 %
2
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
12.00 %
2
0.06 %
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.90 %
4
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.13 %
2
0.00 %
20
Abundance In Humans
0.03 %
4
0.00 %
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
- It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3
5
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
In Bone
1,800.00 p.p.m.
4
0.04 p.p.m.
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
650.00 °C
99+
1,495.00 °C
29
Boiling Point
1,107.00 °C
99+
2,870.00 °C
34
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa
36
470.00 MPa
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,043.00 MPa
11
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s
11
4,720.00 m/s
14
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
74.00 %
7
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-Cobalt
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-Cobalt
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mg
Co
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
15
24
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.31
31
1.88
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.32
18
2.56
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.70
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.37
16
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.29
35
1.84
10
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.69
23
2.12
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol
24
760.40 kJ/mol
19
2nd Energy Level
1,450.70 kJ/mol
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
3rd Energy Level
7,732.70 kJ/mol
5
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
4th Energy Level
10,542.50 kJ/mol
4
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
5th Energy Level
13,630.00 kJ/mol
3
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
6th Energy Level
18,020.00 kJ/mol
3
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
7th Energy level
21,711.00 kJ/mol
3
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
8th Energy Level
25,661.00 kJ/mol
3
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
9th Energy Level
31,653.00 kJ/mol
3
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
10th Energy Level
35,458.00 kJ/mol
5
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
11th Energy Level
169,988.00 kJ/mol
1
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
12th Energy Level
189,368.00 kJ/mol
1
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.66 eV
29
5.00 eV
5
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
12
99+
22
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
12
99+
22
99+
Number of Neutrons
12
99+
26
99+
Number of Electrons
12
99+
22
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
147.00 pm
34
Covalent Radius
141.00 pm
99+
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
173.00 pm
37
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
24.31 amu
99+
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
13.97 cm3/mol
37
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
40.00 (-eV)
99+
95.20 (-eV)
10
Lattice Constant
320.94 pm
99+
295.08 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.74 g/cm3
99+
4.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.58 g/cm3
99+
4.11 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
434.00 MPa
9
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.98 (Pa)
14
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
17.00 GPa
37
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
45.00 GPa
25
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa
39
116.00 GPa
18
Poisson Ratio
0.29
15
0.32
12
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.74
99+
4,500.00
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
43.90 nΩ·m
99+
420.00 nΩ·m
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.23 106/cm Ω
7
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
7.60 kJ/mol
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.02 J/(kg K)
4
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
Molar Heat Capacity
24.87 J/mol·K
99+
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
156.00 W/m·K
8
21.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
24.80 µm/(m·K)
15
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.70 kJ/mol
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.95 kJ/mol
39
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
148.50 kJ/mol
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
32.70 J/mol.K
99+
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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