Mercury Thulium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg
Tm
Group Number
12
6
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7439976
99+
7440304
99+
Space Group Name
R_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
166.00
6
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Per Teodor Cleve
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
1 * 10-8 %
30
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.00000002 %
28
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %
9
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
Dentistry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Unknown
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
23
Not Available
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.
19
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
Not Available
1,545.00 °C
23
Boiling Point
356.58 °C
99+
1,730.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Liquid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
471.00 MPa
25
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
520.00 MPa
21
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s
99+
Not Available
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.00
3
Not Available
Reflectivity
73.00 %
8
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hg
Tm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
34
5
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00
7
1.25
35
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20
7
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81
9
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.44
30
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00
99+
2.75
19
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol
4
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol
20
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol
20
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr
10
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV
15
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
80
36
69
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
80
36
69
99+
Number of Neutrons
121
22
100
32
Number of Electrons
80
36
69
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm
99+
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm
99+
Not Available
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu
32
168.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol
35
18.10 cm3/mol
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)
99+
49.70 (-eV)
28
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm
99+
353.75 pm
40
Lattice Angles
NA
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3
24
9.32 g/cm3
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
8.56 g/cm3
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
0.00
1
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.06 (Pa)
10
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
30.50 GPa
22
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
44.50 GPa
26
Young's Modulus
Not Available
74.00 GPa
27
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.21
31
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.53
16
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m
1
676.00 nΩ·m
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
38
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K
13
27.03 J/mol·K
22
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K
99+
16.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K
6
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)
5
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol
99+
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol
99+
16.80 kJ/mol
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol
99+
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K
6
74.00 J/mol.K
9
|
||
|
||
|
