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Osmium vs Gadolinium

Osmium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Osmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Os  
Gd  
Group Number
8  
10
0  
18
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440042  
99+
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
3,045.00 °C  
3
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C  
6
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa  
1
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
3,920.00 MPa  
1
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.07  
12
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
80.00 %  
7
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Os  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.52  
13
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
4.83 eV  
13
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
76  
40
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
76  
39
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
114  
26
93  
38
Number of Electrons
76  
39
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
133.80 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm  
30
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
190.23 amu  
35
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhenium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Iridium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)  
12
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
273.44 pm  
99+
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
37
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm3  
9
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm3  
11
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
1,000.00 MPa  
4
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
3
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
39
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa  
1
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa  
1
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
528.00 GPa  
1
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.25  
24
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
22.57  
11
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
17
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K  
19
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
3,300.00 K  
3
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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