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Properties of Thorium and Polonium


Properties of Polonium & Thorium


Physical Properties

Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
254.00 °C   
99+

Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
962.00 °C   
99+

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
Not Available   

Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   

Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   

Optical Properties
  
  

Refractive Index
Not Available   
Not Available   

Reflectivity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Not Available   

Allotropes
No   
Yes   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
?
simple cubic (metallic)Α-Polonium
  

β Allotropes
Not Available   
?
rhombohedral (metallic)Β-Polonium
  

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Th   
Po   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
28   
11
29   
10

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
2.00   
7

Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.76   
2

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.48   
1

Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.19   
2

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.00   
99+

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
812.10 kJ/mol   
14

2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   

3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   

Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8

Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
Not Available   

Other Chemical Properties
?
Corrosion is a process which converts refined metals to their more stable forms, for example, its oxide and hydroxide. This process of metals getting corroded is a gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions.Corrosion, 
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces.Radioactivity
  
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes, 
?
Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.Solubility
  

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
9.20 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
9.40 g/cm3   
19

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
Not Available   

Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
Not Available   

Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
Not Available   

Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
Not Available   

Other Mechanical Properties
?
Ductility of metals defines their ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to be stretched into a wire.Ductile
  
NA   

Periodic Table

Symbol
Th   
Po   

Group Number
0   
18
16   
2

Period Number
7   
6   

Block
?
The f-block is in the center-left of a 32-column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18-column tables. These elements are not generally considered as part of any group. They are often called inner transition metals.f block
  
?
The p-block is on the right side of the periodic table and includes elements from the six columns beginning with column 13 and ending with column 18. Helium, though being in the top of group 18, is not included in the p-block.p block
  

Element Family
?
Total 15 metals are included in actinide series, from Actinium to Lawrencium. Actinide series is located under f and d block of the periodic table.Actinide
  
?
All post transition metals are placed in group number 13, 14 and 15 of periodic table. In fact, they are located between Transition Metals and Metalloids. Post transition metals have very poor mechanical properties.Post-​Transition
  

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
90   
28
84   
32

Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
209.00 amu   
28

Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
22.23 cm3/mol   
13

Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   

Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Not Available   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
90   
28
84   
32

Number of Neutrons
142   
15
125   
19

Number of Electrons
90   
28
84   
32

Crystal Structure
?
In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
?
The mono-clinic crystal structure is one of the seven lattice point groups. Here vectors of crystal have unequal lengths. Here vectors of crystal have unequal lengths and have two vectors perpendicular to the 3rd oneMonoclinic (MON)
  

Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
168.00 pm   
23

Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
140.00 pm   
99+

Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
197.00 pm   
29

Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
335.90 pm   
99+

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   

Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Next Element
Francium
  

Previous Element
Actinium
  
Bismuth
  

Magnetic Properties

Electrical Properties
  
  

Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+

Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+

Electron Affinity
Not Available   
183.30 kJ/mol   
3

Electrical Property
?
Under certain conditions, superconductor metals offer zero resistance to electric current it means this type of metals will conduct electricity without any resistance.Superconductor
  
?
Conductor metals have very low resistance to electric currents. They can easily conduct electric current through them.Conductor
  

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
9.32   
31

Magnetic Ordering
?
Paramagnetic metals are slightly attracted by magnet, but they can’t retain the magnetic effect once they are removed from the magnetic field.Paramagnetic
  
?
Nonmagnetic metals are non magnetic in nature and do not show or exhibit any magnetic properties.Nonmagnetic
  

Permeability
Not Available   
Not Available   

Susceptibility
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40

Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
20.00 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
26.40 J/mol·K   
28

Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16

Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
13.00 kJ/mol   
26

Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+

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