1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74402247440553
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- It is the most reflective element.
- Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
- It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
- It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.08 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
2 Physical
2.1 Melting Point
961.93 °C29.78 °C
27
3410
2.2 Boiling Point
2,212.00 °C2,403.00 °C
147
5660
2.4 Appearance
2.4.1 Physical State
2.4.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
2.4.3 Luster
2.6 Hardness
2.6.1 Mohs Hardness
2.8.1 Brinell Hardness
251.00 MPa56.80 MPa
0.14
3490
2.10.1 Vickers Hardness
3.5 Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s2,740.00 m/s
818
16200
3.6 Optical Properties
3.6.1 Refractive Index
3.6.2 Reflectivity
3.7 Allotropes
3.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
3.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
3.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4 Chemical
4.1 Chemical Formula
4.2 Isotopes
4.2.1 Known Isotopes
4.3 Electronegativity
4.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
4.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
4.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.2.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.2.5 Allen Electronegativity
6.2 Electropositivity
6.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.3 Ionization Energies
6.3.1 1st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.4.1 2nd Energy Level
2,070.00 kJ/mol1,979.30 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
6.5.2 3rd Energy Level
3,361.00 kJ/mol2,963.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
1.2.1 4th Energy Level
NA6,180.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
1.2.3 5th Energy Level
1.3.2 6th Energy Level
1.6.1 7th Energy level
1.9.1 8th Energy Level
1.10.2 9th Energy Level
2.4.3 10th Energy Level
3.2.3 11th Energy Level
3.3.2 12th Energy Level
3.3.5 13th Energy Level
3.3.7 14th Energy Level
3.3.10 15th Energy Level
4.2.3 16th Energy Level
4.2.6 17th Energy Level
4.2.8 18th Energy Level
5.1.1 19th Energy Level
5.2.2 20th Energy Level
5.3.2 21st Energy Level
5.3.3 22nd Energy Level
5.5.3 23rd Energy Level
5.5.4 24th Energy Level
5.5.7 25th Energy Level
5.5.9 26th Energy Level
5.5.11 27th Energy Level
5.5.13 28th Energy Level
5.6.1 29th Energy Level
5.6.3 30th Energy Level
5.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
4.02 g/amp-hr0.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.9 Electron Work Function
6.3 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
7 Atomic
7.1 Atomic Number
7.3 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s1
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
7.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
7.4.1 Crystal Lattice
7.5 Atom
7.5.1 Number of Protons
7.5.5 Number of Neutrons
7.5.10 Number of Electrons
7.6 Radius of an Atom
7.6.1 Atomic Radius
144.00 pm135.00 pm
112
265
7.6.5 Covalent Radius
145.00 pm122.00 pm
96
260
7.7.3 Van der Waals Radius
172.00 pm187.00 pm
139
348
7.9 Atomic Weight
107.87 amu69.72 amu
6.94
294
7.10 Atomic Volume
10.30 cm3/mol11.80 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
7.11 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
7.11.1 Previous Element
7.11.2 Next Element
7.12 Valence Electron Potential
11.40 (-eV)69.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
7.13 Lattice Constant
408.53 pm451.97 pm
228.58
891.25
7.15 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
7.16 Lattice C/A Ratio
8 Mechanical
8.1 Density
8.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
10.49 g/cm35.91 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
9.1.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.32 g/cm36.10 g/cm3
0.512
20
9.5 Tensile Strength
9.6 Viscosity
9.7 Vapor Pressure
9.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
9.7.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
9.8 Elasticity properties
9.8.1 Shear Modulus
9.9.3 Bulk Modulus
9.9.7 Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa9.80 GPa
1.7
528
9.11 Poisson Ratio
9.12 Other Mechanical Properties
10 Magnetic
10.1 Magnetic Characteristics
10.1.1 Specific Gravity
10.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
10.2.2 Permeability
10.4.1 Susceptibility
10.5 Electrical Properties
10.5.1 Electrical Property
10.5.2 Resistivity
15.87 nΩ·m270.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
10.6.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.63 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
11.1.2 Electron Affinity
125.60 kJ/mol28.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
12 Thermal
12.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.37 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
12.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.35 J/mol·K25.86 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
12.4 Thermal Conductivity
429.00 W/m·K40.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
12.6 Critical Temperature
12.8 Thermal Expansion
18.90 µm/(m·K)18.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
12.9 Enthalpy
12.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
255.10 kJ/mol256.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
12.11.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
11.30 kJ/mol5.59 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
12.12.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
284.50 kJ/mol276.10 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.3 Standard Molar Entropy
42.60 J/mol.K40.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1