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Tin vs Gallium

Tin
Gallium
Gallium vs Tin


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sn  
Ga  
Group Number
14  
4
13  
5
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440315  
99+
7440553  
32
Space Group Name
I41/amd  
Cmca  
Space Group Number
141.00  
10
64.00  
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
  • Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
  
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Discovery
Before 3500 BC  
In 1875  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
  • Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
  
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.38 Blood/mg dm-3  
10
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
In Bone
1.40 p.p.m.  
17
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
231.90 °C  
99+
29.78 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,270.00 °C  
99+
2,403.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
50.00 MPa  
99+
56.80 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
50.00 MPa  
99+
111.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,730.00 m/s  
99+
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
1.81  
20
Reflectivity
51.00 %  
30
36.00 %  
33
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)  
-  
β Allotropes
White Tin (Beta Tin)  
-  
γ Allotropes
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sn  
Ga  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
24  
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.96  
9
1.81  
16
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.49  
19
2.42  
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.72  
5
1.82  
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.21  
5
2.01  
9
Allen Electronegativity
1.82  
14
1.76  
17
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.04  
99+
2.19  
40
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,411.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
3rd Energy Level
2,943.00 kJ/mol  
30
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
4th Energy Level
3,930.30 kJ/mol  
99+
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
5th Energy Level
7,456.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
13th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
27
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,086.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
39
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
708.00 kJ/mol  
33
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
708.00 kJ/mol  
27
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
26
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
28
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
32
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.42 eV  
22
4.20 eV  
30
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
50  
99+
31  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2  
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100  
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
50  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Neutrons
69  
99+
39  
99+
Number of Electrons
50  
99+
31  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
140.00 pm  
40
135.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
122.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
217.00 pm  
29
187.00 pm  
39
Atomic Weight
118.71 amu  
99+
69.72 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
16.30 cm3/mol  
99+
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Indium
  
Zinc
  
Next Element
Cesium
  
Rubidium
  
Valence Electron Potential
83.50 (-eV)  
14
69.70 (-eV)  
19
Lattice Constant
583.18 pm  
7
451.97 pm  
20
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
0.68  
99+
1.30  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.37 g/cm3  
99+
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.99 g/cm3  
99+
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
41.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
15
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
18
0.00 (Pa)  
15
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
7.20 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
58.00 GPa  
21
37.30 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
9.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.36  
8
0.47  
1
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.31  
99+
5.91  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
7
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
115.00 nΩ·m  
28
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.09 106/cm Ω  
28
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
Electron Affinity
107.30 kJ/mol  
9
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
28
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K  
26
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
66.80 W/m·K  
25
40.60 W/m·K  
34
Critical Temperature
505.00 K  
99+
302.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
22.00 µm/(m·K)  
21
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
290.40 kJ/mol  
99+
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.03 kJ/mol  
99+
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.30 kJ/mol  
99+
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.20 J/mol.K  
40
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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