Symbol
V
  
Pb
  
Period Number
4
  
6
  
Block
d block
  
p block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Post-Transition
  
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
  
Fm_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río
  
Unknown
  
Discovery
In 1801
  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
-
Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
36
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
  
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
31
30.00 p.p.m.
  
10
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C
  
13
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C
  
20
1,740.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey
  
Gray
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s
  
17
1,190.00 m/s
  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
V
  
Pb
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol
  
31
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol
  
35
3,081.50 kJ/mol
  
23
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol
  
25
4,083.00 kJ/mol
  
35
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol
  
23
6,640.00 kJ/mol
  
20
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol
  
15
Not Available
  
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol
  
3
Not Available
  
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol
  
4
Not Available
  
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr
  
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr
  
9
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol
  
99+
18.17 cm3/mol
  
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)
  
6
24.20 (-eV)
  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3
  
99+
11.34 g/cm3
  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3
  
99+
10.66 g/cm3
  
15
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Diamagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor
  
Poor Conductor
  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m
  
19
208.00 nΩ·m
  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
  
35
0.05 106/cm Ω
  
36
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol
  
20
35.10 kJ/mol
  
28
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)
  
10
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K
  
99+
26.65 J/mol·K
  
26
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K
  
39
35.30 W/m·K
  
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)
  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol
  
14
179.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol
  
14
4.77 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol
  
13
194.60 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K
  
99+
64.80 J/mol.K
  
17