Zirconium Gold Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr
Au
Group Number
4
14
11
7
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440677
23
7440575
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Unknown
Discovery
In 1789
Before 6000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %
13
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
17
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
14
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.
23
0.02 p.p.m.
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C
15
1,064.43 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C
11
2,807.00 °C
36
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gold
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa
19
194.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa
15
216.00 MPa
31
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s
20
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
95.00 %
2
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr
Au
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
36
3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33
30
2.54
1
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90
25
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22
26
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.87
7
Allen Electronegativity
1.32
34
1.92
5
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67
24
1.46
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
890.10 kJ/mol
8
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV
26
5.10 eV
4
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40
99+
79
37
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
40
99+
79
37
Number of Neutrons
51
99+
118
23
Number of Electrons
40
99+
79
37
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
166.00 pm
39
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu
99+
196.97 amu
33
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol
36
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)
18
43.40 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm
99+
407.82 pm
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
8
1.61
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3
99+
19.30 g/cm3
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3
99+
17.31 g/cm3
6
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
120.00 MPa
15
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
21
67.00 (Pa)
4
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa
20
27.00 GPa
27
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa
17
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa
22
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.51
99+
19.32
8
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m
11
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol
27
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
25.42 J/mol·K
40
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K
99+
318.00 W/m·K
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol
9
324.40 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol
11
12.55 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol
10
364.00 kJ/mol
25
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K
39
47.40 J/mol.K
32
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