Zirconium vs Cobalt
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr
Co
Group Number
4
14
9
9
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440677
23
7440484
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Georg Brandt
Discovery
In 1789
In 1732
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %
13
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
17
0.06 %
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
14
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.
23
0.04 p.p.m.
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C
15
1,495.00 °C
29
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C
11
2,870.00 °C
34
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa
19
470.00 MPa
26
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa
15
1,043.00 MPa
11
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s
20
4,720.00 m/s
14
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-Cobalt
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-Cobalt
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr
Co
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33
30
1.88
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90
25
2.56
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22
26
1.70
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.32
34
1.84
10
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67
24
2.12
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
760.40 kJ/mol
19
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV
26
5.00 eV
5
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40
99+
22
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
40
99+
22
99+
Number of Neutrons
51
99+
26
99+
Number of Electrons
40
99+
22
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
147.00 pm
34
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu
99+
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol
36
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)
18
95.20 (-eV)
10
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm
99+
295.08 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
8
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3
99+
4.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3
99+
4.11 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
434.00 MPa
9
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
21
0.98 (Pa)
14
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa
20
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa
17
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa
22
116.00 GPa
18
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.32
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.51
99+
4,500.00
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m
11
420.00 nΩ·m
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol
27
7.60 kJ/mol
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K
99+
21.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol
9
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol
11
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol
10
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K
39
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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