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Osmium vs Cadmium

Osmium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Osmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Os   
Cd   
Group Number
8   
10
12   
6
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440042   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-7 %   
21
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
Not Available   
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
3,045.00 °C   
3
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C   
6
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00   
3
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa   
1
203.00 MPa   
39
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s   
11
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Os   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.52   
12
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.65   
19
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol   
12
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr   
38
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
4.83 eV   
8
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
76   
40
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
76   
39
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
114   
25
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
76   
39
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
133.80 pm   
99+
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm   
24
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
190.23 amu   
35
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol   
99+
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhenium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Iridium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)   
12
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
273.44 pm   
99+
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
14
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm3   
9
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm3   
1
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
1,000.00 MPa   
4
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
28
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa   
1
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa   
1
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.25   
24
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
22.57   
2
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m   
35
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω   
18
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol   
9
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K   
99+
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K   
19
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)   
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol   
7
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol   
4
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol   
6
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K   
99+
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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