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Osmium vs Cadmium

Osmium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Osmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Os  
Cd  
Group Number
8  
10
12  
6
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440042  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
3,045.00 °C  
3
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C  
6
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa  
1
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
3,920.00 MPa  
1
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.07  
12
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
80.00 %  
7
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Os  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.52  
13
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.83 eV  
13
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
76  
40
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
76  
39
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
114  
26
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
76  
39
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
133.80 pm  
99+
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm  
30
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
190.23 amu  
35
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhenium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Iridium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)  
12
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
273.44 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
37
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm3  
9
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm3  
11
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
1,000.00 MPa  
4
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
3
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
39
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa  
1
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa  
1
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
528.00 GPa  
1
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.25  
24
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
22.57  
11
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
17
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K  
19
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
3,300.00 K  
3
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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