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Osmium vs Cerium

Osmium
Cerium
Cerium vs Osmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Os  
Ce  
Group Number
8  
10
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440042  
99+
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical
Melting Point
3,045.00 °C  
3
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C  
6
3,257.00 °C  
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa  
1
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
3,920.00 MPa  
1
210.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.07  
12
2.20  
9
Reflectivity
80.00 %  
7
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Os  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.12  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.12  
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.52  
13
1.08  
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.12  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
6th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7th Energy level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
22nd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
24th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.83 eV  
13
2.84 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
76  
40
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
76  
39
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
114  
26
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
76  
39
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
133.80 pm  
99+
181.80 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm  
30
235.00 pm  
21
Atomic Weight
190.23 amu  
35
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhenium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Iridium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)  
12
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
273.44 pm  
99+
362.00 pm  
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
37
1.59  
31
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm3  
9
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm3  
11
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
1,000.00 MPa  
4
270.00 MPa  
17
Viscosity
0.00  
3
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
39
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa  
1
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa  
1
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
528.00 GPa  
1
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.25  
24
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
22.57  
11
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
17
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K  
19
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
3,300.00 K  
3
1,071.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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