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Properties of Berkelium and Thorium

Berkelium
Thorium
Properties of Thorium & Berkelium


Physical Properties
Melting Point
986.00 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C   
40
4,790.00 °C   
8
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
Not Available   
Reflectivity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bk   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14   
25
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
2.70   
1
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr   
16
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces.Radioactivity   
?
Corrosion is a process which converts refined metals to their more stable forms, for example, its oxide and hydroxide. This process of metals getting corroded is a gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions.Corrosion, 
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces.Radioactivity   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3   
22
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3   
11
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
?
Ductility of metals defines their ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to be stretched into a wire.Ductile   
Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk   
Th   
Group Number
Not Available   
0   
18
Period Number
7   
7   
Block
?
The f-block is in the center-left of a 32-column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18-column tables. These elements are not generally considered as part of any group. They are often called inner transition metals.f block   
?
The f-block is in the center-left of a 32-column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18-column tables. These elements are not generally considered as part of any group. They are often called inner transition metals.f block   
Element Family
?
Total 15 metals are included in actinide series, from Actinium to Lawrencium. Actinide series is located under f and d block of the periodic table.Actinide   
?
Total 15 metals are included in actinide series, from Actinium to Lawrencium. Actinide series is located under f and d block of the periodic table.Actinide   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
97   
21
90   
28
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu   
18
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)   
36
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97   
21
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
150   
11
142   
15
Number of Electrons
97   
21
90   
28
Crystal Structure
?
In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal structure and its double hexagonal crystal structure is one of the 7 crystal structure, The hexagonal lattice system consists of just one Bravais lattice type: the hexagonal shape.Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
?
In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
237.00 pm   
15
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Protactinium
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Actinium
  
Magnetic Properties
Electrical Properties
  
  
Resistivity
Not Available   
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Electrical Property
?
Conductor metals have very low resistance to electric currents. They can easily conduct electric current through them.Conductor   
?
Under certain conditions, superconductor metals offer zero resistance to electric current it means this type of metals will conduct electricity without any resistance.Superconductor   
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00   
14
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
?
Paramagnetic metals are slightly attracted by magnet, but they can’t retain the magnetic effect once they are removed from the magnetic field.Paramagnetic   
?
Paramagnetic metals are slightly attracted by magnet, but they can’t retain the magnetic effect once they are removed from the magnetic field.Paramagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
Not Available   
Susceptibility
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
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