1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74402247440326
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- It is the most reflective element.
- Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
- It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.5.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.5.2 Abundance In Meteorites
2.8.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.10.1 Abundance In Oceans
2.10.2 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
- It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
0.44 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
961.93 °C1,750.00 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
2,212.00 °C4,790.00 °C
147
5660
5.3 Appearance
5.3.1 Physical State
5.3.2 Color
5.3.3 Luster
5.4 Hardness
5.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.2.4 Brinell Hardness
251.00 MPa390.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.2.6 Vickers Hardness
229.00 MPa295.00 MPa
121
3430
7.2 Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s
818
16200
7.4 Optical Properties
7.4.1 Refractive Index
7.4.2 Reflectivity
7.5 Allotropes
7.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.5 Electronegativity
8.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.5.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.5.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.5.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.5.7 Allen Electronegativity
8.7 Electropositivity
8.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.9 Ionization Energies
8.9.1 1st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.9.3 2nd Energy Level
2,070.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.2.2 3rd Energy Level
3,361.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.2.3 4th Energy Level
NA2,780.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.3.2 5th Energy Level
9.3.4 6th Energy Level
9.3.5 7th Energy level
9.3.7 8th Energy Level
9.3.9 9th Energy Level
9.3.10 10th Energy Level
9.3.12 11th Energy Level
9.4.2 12th Energy Level
9.5.2 13th Energy Level
9.5.4 14th Energy Level
9.5.6 15th Energy Level
9.5.8 16th Energy Level
9.5.9 17th Energy Level
9.5.11 18th Energy Level
9.5.13 19th Energy Level
9.5.14 20th Energy Level
9.5.16 21st Energy Level
9.5.17 22nd Energy Level
9.5.18 23rd Energy Level
9.5.20 24th Energy Level
9.5.22 25th Energy Level
9.5.23 26th Energy Level
9.5.25 27th Energy Level
9.5.26 28th Energy Level
9.5.27 29th Energy Level
9.5.29 30th Energy Level
9.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
4.02 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.7 Electron Work Function
9.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s1
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.4 Number of Neutrons
10.4.8 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
144.00 pm179.80 pm
112
265
10.5.4 Covalent Radius
145.00 pm206.00 pm
96
260
10.5.7 Van der Waals Radius
172.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
10.6 Atomic Weight
107.87 amu232.04 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
10.30 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
11.40 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.11 Lattice Constant
408.53 pm508.42 pm
228.58
891.25
10.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
10.49 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.1.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.5 Tensile Strength
12.6 Viscosity
12.7 Vapor Pressure
12.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
12.7.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.8 Elasticity properties
12.8.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa31.00 GPa
1.3
222
12.9.2 Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa54.00 GPa
1.6
462
12.9.4 Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa79.00 GPa
1.7
528
12.11 Poisson Ratio
12.12 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
13.2.2 Permeability
13.2.3 Susceptibility
13.5 Electrical Properties
13.5.1 Electrical Property
13.5.2 Resistivity
15.87 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
13.6.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.63 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
13.8.1 Electron Affinity
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.35 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
429.00 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.4 Critical Temperature
15.6 Thermal Expansion
18.90 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.8 Enthalpy
15.8.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
255.10 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
15.9.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
11.30 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
15.9.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
284.50 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
15.10 Standard Molar Entropy
42.60 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1