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Sodium vs Polonium

Sodium
Polonium
Polonium vs Sodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
-  
Po  
Group Number
1  
17
16  
2
Period Number
3  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440235  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
  • The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1807  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
6
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %  
6
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %  
5
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %  
1
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %  
4
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
  • Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
1
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.  
2
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
97.72 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
883.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.50  
24
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s  
35
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.33  
99+
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
53.00 %  
28
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
-  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93  
99+
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56  
99+
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01  
36
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91  
99+
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
0.87  
99+
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07  
6
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol  
4
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol  
6
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol  
5
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol  
2
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol  
2
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
4,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
495.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
11  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
11  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
12  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
11  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm  
29
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol  
14
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Beryllium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Magnesium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm  
22
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.01  
99+
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
10.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
5
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa  
99+
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.97  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m  
99+
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
9
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol  
24
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)  
3
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K  
13
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K  
11
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K  
10
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)  
4
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol  
99+
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol  
99+
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K  
39
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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