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Zirconium vs Lead

Zirconium
Lead
Lead vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr   
Pb   
Group Number
4   
14
14   
4
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440677   
23
7439921   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1789   
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %   
13
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.000001 %   
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
17
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
14
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C   
15
327.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C   
11
1,740.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa   
19
38.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s   
20
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr   
Pb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33   
30
1.87   
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90   
25
2.29   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22   
26
1.55   
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.41   
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.32   
34
1.85   
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67   
24
1.67   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV   
26
4.25 eV   
21
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40   
99+
82   
34
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40   
99+
82   
34
Number of Neutrons
51   
99+
125   
19
Number of Electrons
40   
99+
82   
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm   
27
175.00 pm   
19
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
202.00 pm   
27
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu   
99+
207.20 amu   
30
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)   
18
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm   
99+
495.08 pm   
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
8
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
11.34 g/cm3   
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
10.66 g/cm3   
15
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
12.00 MPa   
20
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa   
20
5.60 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa   
17
46.00 GPa   
24
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa   
22
16.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
0.44   
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51   
99+
11.35   
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
35.30 W/m·K   
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
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