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Properties of Gallium and Tin

Gallium
Tin
Properties of Tin & Gallium


Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
231.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
2,270.00 °C   
99+
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
50.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
Not Available   
Reflectivity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
2,730.00 m/s   
32
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Grey Tin (Alpha Tin, Tin Pest)   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
White Tin (Beta Tin)   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Rhombic Tin (Gamma Tin)   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Sn   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
1.96   
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
1.49   
15
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.72   
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
2.21   
3
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
1.82   
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
2.04   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
708.60 kJ/mol   
33
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,411.80 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
2,943.00 kJ/mol   
30
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.11 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
4.42 eV   
16
Other Chemical Properties
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes   
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.Solubility   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
7.37 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
6.99 g/cm3   
34
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
0.00 (Pa)   
17
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
58.00 GPa   
20
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
0.36   
8
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
?
Ductility of metals defines their ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to be stretched into a wire.Ductile, 
?
Malleability of metals defines their ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling.Malleable   
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Sn   
Group Number
13   
5
14   
4
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
?
The p-block is on the right side of the periodic table and includes elements from the six columns beginning with column 13 and ending with column 18. Helium, though being in the top of group 18, is not included in the p-block.p block   
?
The p-block is on the right side of the periodic table and includes elements from the six columns beginning with column 13 and ending with column 18. Helium, though being in the top of group 18, is not included in the p-block.p block   
Element Family
?
All post transition metals are placed in group number 13, 14 and 15 of periodic table. In fact, they are located between Transition Metals and Metalloids. Post transition metals have very poor mechanical properties.Post-​Transition   
?
All post transition metals are placed in group number 13, 14 and 15 of periodic table. In fact, they are located between Transition Metals and Metalloids. Post transition metals have very poor mechanical properties.Post-​Transition   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
50   
99+
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
118.71 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
16.30 cm3/mol   
32
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2   
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
83.50 (-eV)   
14
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
50   
99+
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
69   
99+
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
50   
99+
Crystal Structure
?
Orthorhombic lattices occur due to stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal sides. It gets result in a rectangular prism with a rectangular at base. These 3 bases intersect each other at 90°.Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
?
The tetragonal crystal structure occur as a result of stretching a cubic lattice along one of its lattice vectors due to which cube becomes a rectangular prism with a square shape at base.Tetragonal (TETR)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100   
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
140.00 pm   
38
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
217.00 pm   
23
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
583.18 pm   
7
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Cesium
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Indium
  
Magnetic Properties
Electrical Properties
  
  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
115.00 nΩ·m   
28
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.09 106/cm Ω   
23
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
107.30 kJ/mol   
8
Electrical Property
?
Semiconductor metals have conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator.Semiconductor   
?
Under certain conditions, superconductor metals offer zero resistance to electric current it means this type of metals will conduct electricity without any resistance.Superconductor   
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
7.31   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
?
Diamagnetic metals produce a magnetic field opposite to the applied magnetic field. Thus, they are repelled by magnets and show magnetic nature.Diamagnetic   
?
Diamagnetic metals produce a magnetic field opposite to the applied magnetic field. Thus, they are repelled by magnets and show magnetic nature.Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
Not Available   
Susceptibility
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.23 J/(kg K)   
28
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
66.80 W/m·K   
25
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
27.11 J/mol·K   
20
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
22.00 µm/(m·K)   
20
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
51.20 J/mol.K   
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
290.40 kJ/mol   
32
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
7.03 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
301.30 kJ/mol   
35
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