1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
1.7 CAS Number
74407137440246
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
- Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
- Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
2.2 Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
William Cruickshank
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.000005 %
1E-08
0.1
2.6.2 Abundance In Meteorites
2.6.5 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.6.7 Abundance In Oceans
2.6.9 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
-
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
- Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
-
By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.03 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.5 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.140.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
900.00 °C769.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C1,384.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.4 Brinell Hardness
4.4.7 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.3 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.11 Allen Electronegativity
5.5 Electropositivity
5.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.7 Ionization Energies
5.7.1 1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol549.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.1.1 2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol1,064.20 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
6.1.2 3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol4,138.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
6.4.2 4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol5,500.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
6.4.4 5th Energy Level
NA6,910.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
6.4.6 6th Energy Level
NA8,760.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
6.4.7 7th Energy level
NA10,230.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
6.5.2 8th Energy Level
NA11,800.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
6.5.5 9th Energy Level
NA15,600.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
6.6.1 10th Energy Level
NA17,100.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
6.6.2 11th Energy Level
NA31,270.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
6.7.1 12th Energy Level
6.9.1 13th Energy Level
6.10.1 14th Energy Level
6.12.1 15th Energy Level
7.1.2 16th Energy Level
7.1.4 17th Energy Level
7.2.1 18th Energy Level
7.3.1 19th Energy Level
7.4.2 20th Energy Level
7.4.3 21st Energy Level
7.4.5 22nd Energy Level
7.5.2 23rd Energy Level
7.5.3 24th Energy Level
7.5.5 25th Energy Level
7.5.6 26th Energy Level
7.5.8 27th Energy Level
7.5.9 28th Energy Level
7.6.1 29th Energy Level
8.1.2 30th Energy Level
8.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr1.64 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
8.3 Electron Work Function
8.5 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
9 Atomic
9.1 Atomic Number
9.2 Electron Configuration
9.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
9.3.1 Crystal Lattice
9.4 Atom
9.4.1 Number of Protons
9.4.3 Number of Neutrons
10.1.1 Number of Electrons
10.3 Radius of an Atom
10.3.1 Atomic Radius
186.00 pm215.00 pm
112
265
10.4.1 Covalent Radius
10.5.1 Van der Waals Radius
10.7 Atomic Weight
251.00 amu87.62 amu
6.94
294
10.9 Atomic Volume
NA33.70 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.10 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.10.1 Previous Element
10.10.2 Next Element
10.11 Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)25.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.12 Lattice Constant
338.00 pm608.49 pm
228.58
891.25
10.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm32.64 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA121.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
NA26.40 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA150.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA55.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1