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Properties of Calcium and Thorium

Calcium
Thorium
Properties of Thorium & Calcium


Physical Properties
Melting Point
839.00 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75   
17
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa   
99+
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
Not Available   
Reflectivity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s   
19
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ca   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19   
20
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00   
99+
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95   
24
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04   
34
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08   
17
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.03   
39
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00   
9
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV   
38
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
?
Stable metals are non radioactive metals and have zero valence electrons in the outer shell.Chemical Stability, 
?
Flammable metals have ability to burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion.Flammability, 
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.Solubility   
?
Corrosion is a process which converts refined metals to their more stable forms, for example, its oxide and hydroxide. This process of metals getting corroded is a gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions.Corrosion, 
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces.Radioactivity   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)   
3
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa   
99+
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa   
99+
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa   
99+
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
?
Ductility of metals defines their ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to be stretched into a wire.Ductile   
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca   
Th   
Group Number
2   
16
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
?
The s-block is on the left side of the periodic table that includes elements from the first two columns, the alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals (group 2), plus helium.s block   
?
The f-block is in the center-left of a 32-column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18-column tables. These elements are not generally considered as part of any group. They are often called inner transition metals.f block   
Element Family
?
All alkaline earth metals are placed under group number 2 and s-block of periodic table. These metals are somewhat reactive at standard conditions. Alkaline earth metals appear shiny, silvery-white and are found in the earth’s crust.Alkaline Earth   
?
Total 15 metals are included in actinide series, from Actinium to Lawrencium. Actinide series is located under f and d block of the periodic table.Actinide   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
20   
99+
90   
28
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
20   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
20   
99+
90   
28
Crystal Structure
?
In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
?
In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm   
6
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm   
22
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm   
19
237.00 pm   
15
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm   
9
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Protactinium
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Actinium
  
Magnetic Properties
Electrical Properties
  
  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
Not Available   
Electrical Property
?
Conductor metals have very low resistance to electric currents. They can easily conduct electric current through them.Conductor   
?
Under certain conditions, superconductor metals offer zero resistance to electric current it means this type of metals will conduct electricity without any resistance.Superconductor   
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
?
Diamagnetic metals produce a magnetic field opposite to the applied magnetic field. Thus, they are repelled by magnets and show magnetic nature.Diamagnetic   
?
Paramagnetic metals are slightly attracted by magnet, but they can’t retain the magnetic effect once they are removed from the magnetic field.Paramagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
Not Available   
Susceptibility
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K   
5
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
All >>
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