Properties of Gadolinium and Copper
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C
  
35
1,084.62 °C
  
40
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C
  
25
2,562.00 °C
  
99+
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s
  
34
3,810.00 m/s
  
19
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Gd
  
Cu
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol
  
22
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,957.90 kJ/mol
  
15
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3,555.00 kJ/mol
  
15
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr
  
32
1.19 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3
  
99+
8.96 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Symbol
Gd
  
Cu
  
Period Number
6
  
4
  
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
  
20
7.10 cm3/mol
  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
  
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)
  
34
34.00 (-eV)
  
99+
Atom
  
  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.60 106/cm Ω
  
2
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
222.80 kJ/mol
  
1
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
  
Permeability
Not Available
  
1.256629 * 10
-6 H/m
  
5
Susceptibility
Not Available
  
-9.63 * 10
-6
  
4
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
  
27
0.38 J/(kg K)
  
15
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K
  
99+
401.00 W/m·K
  
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K
  
2
24.44 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
16.50 µm/(m·K)
  
25
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K
  
16
33.20 J/mol.K
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol
  
21
283.70 kJ/mol
  
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol
  
36
7.11 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol
  
27
338.90 kJ/mol
  
29