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Properties of Erbium and Thorium

Erbium
Thorium
Properties of Thorium & Erbium


Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
295.00 MPa   
29
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
Not Available   
Reflectivity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes, 
?
Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.Solubility   
?
Corrosion is a process which converts refined metals to their more stable forms, for example, its oxide and hydroxide. This process of metals getting corroded is a gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions.Corrosion, 
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces.Radioactivity   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
?
Malleability of metals defines their ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling.Malleable   
?
Ductility of metals defines their ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to be stretched into a wire.Ductile   
Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Th   
Group Number
Not Available   
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
?
The f-block is in the center-left of a 32-column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18-column tables. These elements are not generally considered as part of any group. They are often called inner transition metals.f block   
?
The f-block is in the center-left of a 32-column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18-column tables. These elements are not generally considered as part of any group. They are often called inner transition metals.f block   
Element Family
?
Total 15 metals are included in Lanthanide series from Lanthanum to Lutetium. Lanthanide series is located under f and d block of the periodic table.Lanthanide   
?
Total 15 metals are included in actinide series, from Actinium to Lawrencium. Actinide series is located under f and d block of the periodic table.Actinide   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
90   
28
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
142   
15
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
90   
28
Crystal Structure
?
The hexagonal crystal system consists of the 7 point groups such that all their space groups have the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice. The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has theHexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
?
In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
237.00 pm   
15
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Protactinium
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Actinium
  
Magnetic Properties
Electrical Properties
  
  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Electrical Property
?
Conductor metals have very low resistance to electric currents. They can easily conduct electric current through them.Conductor   
?
Under certain conditions, superconductor metals offer zero resistance to electric current it means this type of metals will conduct electricity without any resistance.Superconductor   
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
?
Paramagnetic metals are slightly attracted by magnet, but they can’t retain the magnetic effect once they are removed from the magnetic field.Paramagnetic   
?
Paramagnetic metals are slightly attracted by magnet, but they can’t retain the magnetic effect once they are removed from the magnetic field.Paramagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
Not Available   
Susceptibility
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
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