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Properties of Gallium and Niobium

Gallium
Niobium
Properties of Niobium & Gallium


Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
6
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
99+
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
735.00 MPa   
14
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
870.00 MPa   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
Not Available   
Reflectivity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Nb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
17   
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
1.60   
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
1.42   
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.23   
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
1.41   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
2.40   
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes   
?
Anti-corrosion metals have the protection on their surfaces which protect them from corroding in corrosive environments.Anti Corrosion, 
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes, 
?
Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.Solubility   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
38.00 GPa   
19
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
170.00 GPa   
10
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
105.00 GPa   
20
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
?
Ductility of metals defines their ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to be stretched into a wire.Ductile, 
?
Malleability of metals defines their ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling.Malleable   
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Nb   
Group Number
13   
5
5   
13
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
?
The p-block is on the right side of the periodic table and includes elements from the six columns beginning with column 13 and ending with column 18. Helium, though being in the top of group 18, is not included in the p-block.p block   
?
The d-block is on the middle of the periodic table and includes elements from columns 3 through 12. These elements are also known as the transition metals because they show a transitivity in their properties i.e. they show a trend in their properties.d block   
Element Family
?
All post transition metals are placed in group number 13, 14 and 15 of periodic table. In fact, they are located between Transition Metals and Metalloids. Post transition metals have very poor mechanical properties.Post-​Transition   
?
What is Transition Metal? All transition metals are placed under the d-block from group number 3 to 12. Transition metals show characteristics like malleability, ductility and are good conductor of electricity.Transition Metal   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
41   
99+
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
92.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
41   
99+
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
52   
99+
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
41   
99+
Crystal Structure
?
Orthorhombic lattices occur due to stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal sides. It gets result in a rectangular prism with a rectangular at base. These 3 bases intersect each other at 90°.Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
?
BCC is a basis type of cubic crystal structure. In crystallography, the cubic crystals structure is a crystal system where the unit cell has a cube shaped structure. This is one of the simplest crystal structure found in crystals of metal.Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
146.00 pm   
35
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
164.00 pm   
28
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
200.00 pm   
28
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
330.04 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Molybdenum
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Zirconium
  
Magnetic Properties
Electrical Properties
  
  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Electrical Property
?
Semiconductor metals have conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator.Semiconductor   
?
Conductor metals have very low resistance to electric currents. They can easily conduct electric current through them.Conductor   
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
8.57   
37
Magnetic Ordering
?
Diamagnetic metals produce a magnetic field opposite to the applied magnetic field. Thus, they are repelled by magnets and show magnetic nature.Diamagnetic   
?
Paramagnetic metals are slightly attracted by magnet, but they can’t retain the magnetic effect once they are removed from the magnetic field.Paramagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
Not Available   
Susceptibility
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
53.70 W/m·K   
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
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