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Properties of Iron and Thorium

Iron
Thorium
Properties of Thorium & Iron


Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,535.00 °C   
25
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,750.00 °C   
37
4,790.00 °C   
8
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00   
10
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
200.00 MPa   
40
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
608.00 MPa   
18
295.00 MPa   
29
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
Not Available   
Reflectivity
65.00 %   
12
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
5,120.00 m/s   
8
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
?
It forms below 770 °C (the Curie point, TC); Then the Iron becomes magnetic in its alpha form; BCC crystal structureFerrite (Alpha Iron)   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
?
It forms below 912 °C; BCC crystal structureBeta Iron   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
?
It forms below 1,394 °C; FCC crystal structureGamma Iron   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Fe   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.83   
14
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20   
7
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.64   
8
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.80   
12
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.17   
40
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol   
17
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,561.90 kJ/mol   
36
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,957.00 kJ/mol   
29
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV   
10
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
?
Corrosion is a process which converts refined metals to their more stable forms, for example, its oxide and hydroxide. This process of metals getting corroded is a gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions.Corrosion, 
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.Solubility   
?
Corrosion is a process which converts refined metals to their more stable forms, for example, its oxide and hydroxide. This process of metals getting corroded is a gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions.Corrosion, 
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces.Radioactivity   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.87 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.98 g/cm3   
35
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
28
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
36.80 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Tensile Strength
11,000.00 MPa   
1
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
82.00 GPa   
11
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
211.00 GPa   
9
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.29   
15
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
?
Ductility of metals defines their ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to be stretched into a wire.Ductile, 
?
Malleability of metals defines their ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling.Malleable, 
?
Weldability of metals defines their ability to be welded.This property of metals also known as joinability.Weldable   
?
Ductility of metals defines their ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to be stretched into a wire.Ductile   
Periodic Table
Symbol
Fe   
Th   
Group Number
8   
10
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
?
The d-block is on the middle of the periodic table and includes elements from columns 3 through 12. These elements are also known as the transition metals because they show a transitivity in their properties i.e. they show a trend in their properties.d block   
?
The f-block is in the center-left of a 32-column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18-column tables. These elements are not generally considered as part of any group. They are often called inner transition metals.f block   
Element Family
?
What is Transition Metal? All transition metals are placed under the d-block from group number 3 to 12. Transition metals show characteristics like malleability, ductility and are good conductor of electricity.Transition Metal   
?
Total 15 metals are included in actinide series, from Actinium to Lawrencium. Actinide series is located under f and d block of the periodic table.Actinide   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
26   
99+
90   
28
Atomic Weight
55.85 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d6 4s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Valence Electron Potential
67.00 (-eV)   
20
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
26   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
30   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
26   
99+
90   
28
Crystal Structure
?
BCC is a basis type of cubic crystal structure. In crystallography, the cubic crystals structure is a crystal system where the unit cell has a cube shaped structure. This is one of the simplest crystal structure found in crystals of metal.Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
?
In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
126.00 pm   
99+
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
237.00 pm   
15
Lattice Constant
286.65 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Next Element
Cobalt
  
Protactinium
  
Previous Element
Manganese
  
Actinium
  
Magnetic Properties
Electrical Properties
  
  
Resistivity
96.10 nΩ·m   
32
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
20
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
15.70 kJ/mol   
34
Not Available   
Electrical Property
?
Conductor metals have very low resistance to electric currents. They can easily conduct electric current through them.Conductor   
?
Under certain conditions, superconductor metals offer zero resistance to electric current it means this type of metals will conduct electricity without any resistance.Superconductor   
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.20   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
?
Paramagnetic metals are slightly attracted by magnet, but they can’t retain the magnetic effect once they are removed from the magnetic field.Paramagnetic   
Permeability
6.3 * 10-3 H/m   
1
Not Available   
Susceptibility
2,00,000.00   
1
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Thermal Conductivity
80.40 W/m·K   
22
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
25.10 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
351.00 kJ/mol   
23
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.90 kJ/mol   
22
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
414.20 kJ/mol   
19
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
All >>
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