1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.11 Block
1.12 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.13 CAS Number
74405867440155
7429905
54386242
1.20 Space Group Name
1.23 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Chemical properties of Rhenium are similar to Manganese.
- Rhenium metal is created while refining Molybdenum.
3.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Masataka Ogawa
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %2 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
4.5.7 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.00000001 %
1E-08
0.1
4.6.6 Abundance In Meteorites
5.1.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.3.3 Abundance In Oceans
5.4.1 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- Alloys of Rhenium are used as an electric contact material. It can resist withstand arc corrosion.
- Its catalysts are used in hydrogenation of fine chemicals. Its Alloy with nickel is used to produce turbine blades.
7.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
7.1.3 Medical Uses
7.1.4 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
7.2 Biological Properties
7.2.1 Toxicity
7.2.2 Present in Human Body
7.2.4 In Blood
7.6.1 In Bone
8 Physical
8.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C3,180.00 °C
27
3410
10.3 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C5,627.00 °C
147
5660
10.8 Appearance
10.8.1 Physical State
10.8.3 Color
10.8.4 Luster
10.9 Hardness
10.9.1 Mohs Hardness
10.9.8 Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa1,320.00 MPa
0.14
3490
10.10.3 Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa1,350.00 MPa
121
3430
10.12 Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s4,700.00 m/s
818
16200
11.3 Optical Properties
11.3.1 Refractive Index
11.4.2 Reflectivity
12.3 Allotropes
12.3.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12.3.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
13 Chemical
13.1 Chemical Formula
13.2 Isotopes
13.2.1 Known Isotopes
13.5 Electronegativity
13.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
13.6.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
13.7.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
13.7.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
13.9.4 Allen Electronegativity
13.11 Electropositivity
13.11.1 Pauling Electropositivity
14.2 Ionization Energies
14.2.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol760.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
14.6.4 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,260.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
14.8.4 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol2,510.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
14.8.8 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol3,640.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
14.8.15 5th Energy Level
14.10.2 6th Energy Level
14.10.5 7th Energy level
14.11.3 8th Energy Level
14.12.1 9th Energy Level
14.14.1 10th Energy Level
14.15.2 11th Energy Level
14.18.2 12th Energy Level
1.2.2 13th Energy Level
3.1.2 14th Energy Level
3.7.2 15th Energy Level
3.9.1 16th Energy Level
3.10.1 17th Energy Level
3.11.2 18th Energy Level
3.12.4 19th Energy Level
3.13.4 20th Energy Level
3.13.7 21st Energy Level
3.14.4 22nd Energy Level
3.14.7 23rd Energy Level
3.15.2 24th Energy Level
3.15.4 25th Energy Level
3.16.2 26th Energy Level
3.17.2 27th Energy Level
4.1.2 28th Energy Level
4.1.4 29th Energy Level
4.2.1 30th Energy Level
4.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr0.99 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
2.2 Electron Work Function
2.4 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
3 Atomic
3.1 Atomic Number
1.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2
1.5 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
1.5.1 Crystal Lattice
1.6 Atom
1.6.1 Number of Protons
2.3.3 Number of Neutrons
2.7.2 Number of Electrons
2.11 Radius of an Atom
2.11.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm137.00 pm
112
265
2.12.2 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm151.00 pm
96
260
3.2.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
3.9 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu186.21 amu
6.94
294
3.12 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol8.85 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
4.4 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
4.4.1 Previous Element
4.4.2 Next Element
4.5 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)180.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
4.9 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm276.10 pm
228.58
891.25
4.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
4.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
6 Mechanical
6.1 Density
6.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm321.02 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
6.5.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm318.90 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.4 Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa1,070.00 MPa
2.5
11000
7.6 Viscosity
7.8 Vapor Pressure
7.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.11.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
8.3 Elasticity properties
8.3.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa178.00 GPa
1.3
222
8.4.2 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa370.00 GPa
1.6
462
1.1.1 Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa463.00 GPa
1.7
528
1.5 Poisson Ratio
1.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
2 Magnetic
2.1 Magnetic Characteristics
2.1.1 Specific Gravity
2.3.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
2.3.3 Permeability
2.4.2 Susceptibility
2.6 Electrical Properties
2.6.1 Electrical Property
2.6.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m193.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
3.1.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
3.2.3 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol14.50 kJ/mol
0
222.8
5 Thermal
5.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
5.3 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K25.48 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
5.6 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K48.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
5.8 Critical Temperature
5.10 Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)6.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
1.3 Enthalpy
1.3.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol707.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
2.2.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol33.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
2.7.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol791.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
2.13 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K36.90 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1