1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.7 Period Number
1.13 Block
1.14 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.15 CAS Number
74402797440020
7429905
54386242
1.18 Space Group Name
1.19 Space Group Number
4 Facts
4.1 Interesting Facts
- At times Terbium metal acts same as Calcium.
- Terbium metal closely similar to Lanthanum metal.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
4.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Found with Other Rare Earth Metals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
4.3 History
4.3.1 Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
4.3.2 Discovery
4.4 Abundance
4.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %6 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
4.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %~0.008 %
1E-08
0.1
4.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
4.4.9 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.4.11 Abundance In Oceans
4.4.14 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- Terbium salts are used in optical devices like laser devices.
-
Terbium’s alloy lengthens and shortens the magnetic field and this effect forms loudspeaker.
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
6.1.3 Other Uses
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
NA0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
6.2.7 In Bone
9 Physical
9.1 Melting Point
1,356.00 °C1,453.00 °C
27
3410
10.2 Boiling Point
3,123.00 °C2,732.00 °C
147
5660
10.4 Appearance
10.4.1 Physical State
10.4.2 Color
10.4.3 Luster
10.5 Hardness
10.5.1 Mohs Hardness
10.9.2 Brinell Hardness
677.00 MPa667.00 MPa
0.14
3490
10.9.3 Vickers Hardness
863.00 MPa638.00 MPa
121
3430
10.10 Speed of Sound
2,620.00 m/s4,900.00 m/s
818
16200
10.11 Optical Properties
10.11.1 Refractive Index
10.11.4 Reflectivity
10.12 Allotropes
10.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11 Chemical
11.1 Chemical Formula
11.2 Isotopes
11.2.1 Known Isotopes
11.4 Electronegativity
11.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
11.5.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
11.6.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
11.7.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
11.7.5 Allen Electronegativity
12.4 Electropositivity
13.0.1 Pauling Electropositivity
13.3 Ionization Energies
13.3.1 1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
13.3.2 2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol1,753.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
13.5.2 3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol3,395.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
13.5.3 4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol5,300.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
13.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA7,339.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
13.5.7 6th Energy Level
NA10,400.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
13.5.8 7th Energy level
NA12,800.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
13.5.10 8th Energy Level
NA15,600.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
13.5.12 9th Energy Level
NA18,600.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
13.5.14 10th Energy Level
NA21,670.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
13.5.16 11th Energy Level
NA30,970.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
13.5.18 12th Energy Level
NA34,000.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
13.5.20 13th Energy Level
NA37,100.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
13.6.2 14th Energy Level
NA41,500.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
13.7.2 15th Energy Level
NA44,800.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
13.8.2 16th Energy Level
NA48,100.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
13.9.2 17th Energy Level
NA55,101.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
13.9.4 18th Energy Level
NA58,570.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
13.9.6 19th Energy Level
NA148,700.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
13.9.8 20th Energy Level
NA159,000.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
13.9.9 21st Energy Level
NA169,400.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
13.9.11 22nd Energy Level
NA182,700.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
13.9.13 23rd Energy Level
NA194,000.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
13.9.14 24th Energy Level
13.9.17 25th Energy Level
13.9.18 26th Energy Level
13.9.19 27th Energy Level
13.9.22 28th Energy Level
13.9.24 29th Energy Level
13.9.27 30th Energy Level
13.10 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.98 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
13.11 Electron Work Function
13.12 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
14 Atomic
14.1 Atomic Number
14.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f9 6s2
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
14.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
14.3.1 Crystal Lattice
14.4 Atom
14.4.1 Number of Protons
14.4.4 Number of Neutrons
14.4.7 Number of Electrons
14.5 Radius of an Atom
14.5.1 Atomic Radius
177.00 pm124.00 pm
112
265
14.5.4 Covalent Radius
194.00 pm124.00 pm
96
260
14.5.7 Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm163.00 pm
139
348
14.6 Atomic Weight
158.93 amu58.69 amu
6.94
294
14.7 Atomic Volume
19.20 cm3/mol6.59 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.8.1 Previous Element
14.8.2 Next Element
14.9 Valence Electron Potential
46.80 (-eV)42.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
14.10 Lattice Constant
360.10 pm352.40 pm
228.58
891.25
14.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
14.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.23 g/cm38.91 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
15.1.6 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.65 g/cm37.81 g/cm3
0.512
20
15.2 Tensile Strength
60.00 MPa345.00 MPa
2.5
11000
15.4 Viscosity
15.6 Vapor Pressure
15.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
16.1.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.50 (Pa)19.50 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
16.3 Elasticity properties
16.3.1 Shear Modulus
22.10 GPa76.00 GPa
1.3
222
16.7.1 Bulk Modulus
38.70 GPa180.00 GPa
1.6
462
17.1.1 Young's Modulus
55.70 GPa200.00 GPa
1.7
528
17.5 Poisson Ratio
17.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
18 Magnetic
18.1 Magnetic Characteristics
18.1.1 Specific Gravity
18.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
18.1.5 Permeability
NA0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
18.1.7 Susceptibility
NA600.00
-0.000166
200000
18.4 Electrical Properties
18.4.1 Electrical Property
18.4.2 Resistivity
1.15 nΩ·m69.30 nΩ·m
0.18
961
18.5.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
18.8.1 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol112.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
20 Thermal
20.1 Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)0.44 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
20.4 Molar Heat Capacity
28.91 J/mol·K26.07 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
20.9 Thermal Conductivity
11.10 W/m·K90.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
20.13 Critical Temperature
21.2 Thermal Expansion
10.30 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
22.2 Enthalpy
22.2.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
330.90 kJ/mol371.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
22.4.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
10.80 kJ/mol17.57 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
22.6.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol422.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
23.2 Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K29.90 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1