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Beryllium vs Palladium

Beryllium
Palladium
Palladium vs Beryllium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Be   
Pd   
Group Number
2   
16
10   
8
Period Number
2   
5   
Block
s block   
d block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440417   
99+
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1797   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-7 %   
23
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %   
29
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
35
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
39
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
19
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
32
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
32
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C   
36
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C   
32
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
White Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa   
21
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa   
4
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s   
2
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Be   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
9   
29
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57   
24
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81   
12
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47   
14
1.35   
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54   
12
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.58   
23
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43   
30
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol   
7
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol   
23
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol   
2
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV   
6
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
4   
99+
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
4   
99+
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
5   
99+
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
4   
99+
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm   
99+
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm   
99+
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm   
99+
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu   
99+
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol   
99+
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lithium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Sodium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)   
15
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm   
99+
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
18
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3   
99+
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3   
99+
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
19
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa   
7
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa   
13
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa   
7
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
0.03   
35
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.85   
99+
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m   
99+
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω   
5
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)   
2
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K   
99+
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K   
6
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)   
34
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol   
30
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol   
30
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol   
30
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K   
99+
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
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