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Beryllium vs Palladium

Beryllium
Palladium
Palladium vs Beryllium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Be  
Pd  
Group Number
2  
16
10  
8
Period Number
2  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440417  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1797  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
37
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C  
36
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C  
33
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
White Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa  
25
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa  
9
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s  
2
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.56  
34
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Be  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
9  
29
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57  
25
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81  
15
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47  
15
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54  
24
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.58  
26
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43  
30
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol  
7
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol  
24
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol  
2
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol  
2
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
1,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
29,700.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
8
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
14
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
8,995.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol  
22
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
899.00 kJ/mol  
12
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
26
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
899.00 kJ/mol  
10
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
31
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
4  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
4  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
5  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
4  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm  
99+
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm  
99+
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lithium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Sodium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)  
15
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm  
99+
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
287.00 MPa  
16
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
17
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
20
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa  
7
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa  
13
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa  
7
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.03  
36
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.85  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω  
5
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)  
2
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K  
6
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,551.00 K  
39
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol  
36
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol  
40
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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