1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74400207440166
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
William Hyde Wollaston
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-3 %6 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.008 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.5.4 Abundance In Meteorites
2.6.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.6.9 Abundance In Oceans
2.6.11 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.8 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,453.00 °C1,966.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C3,727.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.8 Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa980.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.14 Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa1,100.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s4,700.00 m/s
818
16200
4.7 Optical Properties
4.7.1 Refractive Index
4.8.1 Reflectivity
4.9 Allotropes
4.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.5 Electronegativity
6.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.6.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.6.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.8.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.2.1 Allen Electronegativity
7.7 Electropositivity
7.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.11 Ionization Energies
7.11.1 1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol719.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.13.1 2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol1,740.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.1.5 3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol2,997.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.2.2 4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
8.6.2 5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
8.6.5 6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
8.10.1 7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
9.3.1 8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
9.4.1 9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
10.1.2 10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
11.1.6 11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
11.4.1 12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
11.5.4 13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
12.0.2 14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
12.2.2 15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
12.4.1 16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
13.1.2 17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
13.3.2 18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
13.5.3 19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
13.5.6 20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
13.7.2 21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/molNA
87000
179100
13.9.1 22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/molNA
93400
184900
14.1.1 23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/molNA
98420
198800
14.4.1 24th Energy Level
15.1.2 25th Energy Level
15.2.1 26th Energy Level
15.3.1 27th Energy Level
15.4.2 28th Energy Level
15.4.4 29th Energy Level
15.5.2 30th Energy Level
15.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr1.28 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
15.10 Electron Work Function
15.11 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
16 Atomic
16.1 Atomic Number
16.3 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
16.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
16.4.1 Crystal Lattice
16.5 Atom
16.5.1 Number of Protons
16.5.3 Number of Neutrons
16.5.5 Number of Electrons
16.7 Radius of an Atom
16.7.1 Atomic Radius
124.00 pm134.00 pm
112
265
16.7.2 Covalent Radius
124.00 pm142.00 pm
96
260
17.1.2 Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
17.2 Atomic Weight
58.69 amu102.91 amu
6.94
294
17.4 Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
17.5 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
17.5.1 Previous Element
17.5.2 Next Element
17.6 Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
17.7 Lattice Constant
352.40 pm380.34 pm
228.58
891.25
17.8 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
17.9 Lattice C/A Ratio
18 Mechanical
18.1 Density
18.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm312.41 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
19.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm310.70 g/cm3
0.512
20
19.4 Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa951.00 MPa
2.5
11000
19.5 Viscosity
1.3 Vapor Pressure
1.3.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)0.02 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
1.9 Elasticity properties
1.9.1 Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa150.00 GPa
1.3
222
1.12.1 Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa275.00 GPa
1.6
462
1.12.3 Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa380.00 GPa
1.7
528
1.13 Poisson Ratio
1.14 Other Mechanical Properties
2 Magnetic
2.2 Magnetic Characteristics
2.2.1 Specific Gravity
2.2.2 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
2.2.3 Permeability
0.00 H/mNA
1.25643E-06
0.0063
2.2.4 Susceptibility
600.00NA
-0.000166
200000
2.3 Electrical Properties
2.3.1 Electrical Property
2.3.2 Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m43.30 nΩ·m
0.18
961
2.3.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.21 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
2.3.4 Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol109.70 kJ/mol
0
222.8
3 Thermal
3.1 Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
3.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K24.98 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
3.3 Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K150.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
3.4 Critical Temperature
3.5 Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)8.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
3.6 Enthalpy
3.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol495.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
3.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol21.76 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
3.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol556.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
3.7 Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K31.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1