1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.7 Block
1.8 Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
1.9 CAS Number
74402807429905
7429905
54386242
2.2 Space Group Name
2.3 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
- Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
- Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
- It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
3.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
William Crookes
Hans Christian Oersted
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %5 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
3.5.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.006 %
1E-08
0.1
3.5.4 Abundance In Meteorites
3.7.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.1.1 Abundance In Oceans
5.2.4 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
- Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
6.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.39 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
6.2.7 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.27.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
8 Physical
8.1 Melting Point
303.50 °C660.37 °C
27
3410
8.3 Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C2,467.00 °C
147
5660
8.4 Appearance
8.4.1 Physical State
8.4.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
8.4.3 Luster
8.5 Hardness
8.5.1 Mohs Hardness
8.7.2 Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa160.00 MPa
0.14
3490
8.10.2 Vickers Hardness
9.2 Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s5,000.00 m/s
818
16200
9.3 Optical Properties
9.3.1 Refractive Index
9.4.1 Reflectivity
9.6 Allotropes
9.6.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9.6.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9.6.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10 Chemical
10.1 Chemical Formula
10.2 Isotopes
10.2.1 Known Isotopes
10.3 Electronegativity
10.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
11.2.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
11.2.0 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
11.3.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
12.1.2 Allen Electronegativity
12.2 Electropositivity
12.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity
12.4 Ionization Energies
12.4.1 1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
12.4.3 2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol1,816.70 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
12.4.5 3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol2,744.80 kJ/mol
1600
34230
12.5.2 4th Energy Level
NA11,577.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
12.5.4 5th Energy Level
NA14,842.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
12.6.1 6th Energy Level
NA18,379.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
12.6.2 7th Energy level
NA23,326.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
12.7.2 8th Energy Level
NA27,465.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
12.8.1 9th Energy Level
NA31,853.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
12.9.2 10th Energy Level
NA38,473.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
12.10.2 11th Energy Level
NA42,647.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
12.10.5 12th Energy Level
12.10.8 13th Energy Level
12.10.10 14th Energy Level
12.10.13 15th Energy Level
12.10.15 16th Energy Level
12.10.17 17th Energy Level
12.10.20 18th Energy Level
12.11.2 19th Energy Level
1.2.1 20th Energy Level
1.3.1 21st Energy Level
1.3.3 22nd Energy Level
1.6.2 23rd Energy Level
1.6.4 24th Energy Level
1.8.2 25th Energy Level
1.2.2 26th Energy Level
2.4.3 27th Energy Level
2.4.5 28th Energy Level
2.4.8 29th Energy Level
2.5.2 30th Energy Level
2.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr0.34 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
2.10 Electron Work Function
2.11 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
3 Atomic
3.1 Atomic Number
4.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
4.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
4.4.1 Crystal Lattice
4.5 Atom
4.5.1 Number of Protons
4.6.3 Number of Neutrons
6.2.1 Number of Electrons
6.4 Radius of an Atom
6.4.1 Atomic Radius
170.00 pm143.00 pm
112
265
7.1.1 Covalent Radius
145.00 pm121.00 pm
96
260
7.1.4 Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm184.00 pm
139
348
7.3 Atomic Weight
204.38 amu26.98 amu
6.94
294
7.6 Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol10.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
7.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
7.8.1 Previous Element
7.8.2 Next Element
7.9 Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)80.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
7.11 Lattice Constant
345.66 pm404.95 pm
228.58
891.25
8.3 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
8.4 Lattice C/A Ratio
9 Mechanical
9.1 Density
9.2.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm32.70 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
10.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm32.38 g/cm3
0.512
20
10.3 Tensile Strength
10.4 Viscosity
10.5 Vapor Pressure
10.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
11.1.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.4 Elasticity properties
11.4.1 Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa26.00 GPa
1.3
222
11.6.1 Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa76.00 GPa
1.6
462
11.7.1 Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa70.00 GPa
1.7
528
11.10 Poisson Ratio
11.13 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Ductile, Malleable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.4 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.5 Permeability
NA0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
12.1.8 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m28.20 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.3.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω0.38 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.4.4 Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol42.50 kJ/mol
0
222.8
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.90 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
14.3 Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K24.20 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
14.4 Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K237.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
14.5 Critical Temperature
14.6 Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)23.10 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
14.8 Enthalpy
14.8.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol293.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
14.9.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol10.67 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
14.9.7 Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol322.20 kJ/mol
61.5
837
14.10 Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K28.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1