1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.7 Element Family
Actinide
Probably Transition
1.8 CAS Number
744032654038016
7429905
54386242
2.3 Space Group Name
2.4 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Not Available
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Bombarding Bi209 with Accelerated Nuclei of Fe58, Synthetically Produced
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
3.3.3 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.5.2 Abundance In Oceans
3.5.3 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Currently known uses of Meitnerium metal are limited to research purpose only.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
NA
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
5.2 Boiling Point
5.3 Appearance
5.3.1 Physical State
5.3.2 Color
5.3.3 Luster
5.4 Hardness
5.4.1 Mohs Hardness
5.4.3 Brinell Hardness
5.4.6 Vickers Hardness
5.5 Speed of Sound
5.6 Optical Properties
5.6.1 Refractive Index
5.6.2 Reflectivity
5.7 Allotropes
5.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.3 Electronegativity
6.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.3.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.3.10 Allen Electronegativity
6.4 Electropositivity
6.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.5 Ionization Energies
6.5.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol800.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.5.4 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol1,823.60 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
6.5.7 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol2,904.20 kJ/mol
1600
34230
6.5.9 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol3,859.40 kJ/mol
2780
37066
6.5.11 5th Energy Level
NA4,920.80 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
6.5.13 6th Energy Level
6.5.15 7th Energy level
6.5.17 8th Energy Level
6.5.19 9th Energy Level
6.5.20 10th Energy Level
6.5.22 11th Energy Level
6.6.1 12th Energy Level
6.6.2 13th Energy Level
6.7.1 14th Energy Level
6.7.2 15th Energy Level
7.1.1 16th Energy Level
7.1.2 17th Energy Level
7.1.3 18th Energy Level
7.4.2 19th Energy Level
7.4.3 20th Energy Level
7.4.4 21st Energy Level
7.4.6 22nd Energy Level
7.4.7 23rd Energy Level
7.4.8 24th Energy Level
7.4.9 25th Energy Level
7.4.11 26th Energy Level
7.4.12 27th Energy Level
7.4.13 28th Energy Level
7.5.2 29th Energy Level
7.5.3 30th Energy Level
7.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hrNA
0.16812
8.3209
7.7 Electron Work Function
7.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
8 Atomic
8.1 Atomic Number
8.3 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2
8.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
8.4.1 Crystal Lattice
8.5 Atom
8.5.1 Number of Protons
8.5.2 Number of Neutrons
8.6.1 Number of Electrons
8.7 Radius of an Atom
8.7.1 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm122.00 pm
112
265
8.9.1 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm129.00 pm
96
260
8.9.2 Van der Waals Radius
8.11 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu278.00 amu
6.94
294
8.12 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/molNA
1.39
71.07
8.15 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
8.15.1 Previous Element
8.15.2 Next Element
8.16 Valence Electron Potential
9.2 Lattice Constant
508.42 pmNA
228.58
891.25
9.3 Lattice Angles
9.4 Lattice C/A Ratio
10 Mechanical
10.1 Density
10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm337.40 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
10.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.3 Tensile Strength
10.4 Viscosity
10.6 Vapor Pressure
10.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
10.6.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
10.8 Elasticity properties
10.8.1 Shear Modulus
10.8.2 Bulk Modulus
10.8.4 Young's Modulus
10.10 Poisson Ratio
10.11 Other Mechanical Properties
11 Magnetic
11.1 Magnetic Characteristics
11.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
11.1.4 Permeability
11.1.5 Susceptibility
11.2 Electrical Properties
11.2.1 Electrical Property
11.2.2 Resistivity
11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm ΩNA
0.00666
0.63
11.3.1 Electron Affinity
12 Thermal
12.1 Specific Heat
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·KNA
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
13.7 Enthalpy
13.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/molNA
7.32
799.1
13.7.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.7.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
13.8 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.KNA
9.5
198.1