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Thorium
Thorium

Nickel
Nickel



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Thorium Nickel Comparison

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Th
Ni
1.2 Group Number
010
Gadolinium Metal
0 17
1.4 Period Number
74
Lithium Metal
2 7
2.2 Block
f block
d block
2.3 Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
2.4 CAS Number
74403267440020
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242
2.8 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
2.9 Space Group Number
194.00225.00
Plutonium Metal
11 229
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
3.3.2 Discovery
In 1829
In 1751
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %6 * 10-3 %
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11
3.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.008 %
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1
3.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %1.30 %
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22
3.5.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %0.01 %
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1
3.5.7 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1
3.6.1 Abundance In Humans
NA0.00 %
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.05 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium Metal
0 1970
4.3.1 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.0.70 p.p.m.
Plutonium Metal
0 170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C1,453.00 °C
Francium Metal
27 3410
5.4 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C2,732.00 °C
Flerovium Metal
147 5660
5.6 Appearance
5.6.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
5.6.2 Color
Silver
Silver
5.6.3 Luster
NA
Metallic
5.7 Hardness
5.7.1 Mohs Hardness
3.004.00
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5
5.9.2 Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa667.00 MPa
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490
6.1.3 Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa638.00 MPa
Palladium Metal
121 3430
6.2 Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s4,900.00 m/s
Thallium Metal
818 16200
6.4 Optical Properties
6.4.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229
6.5.1 Reflectivity
NA72.00 %
Molybdenum Metal
58 97
6.7 Allotropes
6.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
Th
Ni
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
2825
Tennessine Metal
0 38
7.4 Electronegativity
7.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.301.91
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54
7.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NA1.94
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56
7.6.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.75
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82
8.1.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48
8.4.2 Allen Electronegativity
NA1.88
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7
8.6 Electropositivity
8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.702.09
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3
9.2 Ionization Energies
9.2.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130
9.2.5 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol1,753.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium Metal
710.2162 28750
9.3.2 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol3,395.00 kJ/mol
Osmium Metal
1600 34230
9.4.4 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol5,300.00 kJ/mol
Tin
2780 37066
9.4.6 5th Energy Level
NA7,339.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510
9.5.1 6th Energy Level
NA10,400.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800
9.5.3 7th Energy level
NA12,800.00 kJ/mol
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300
9.6.1 8th Energy Level
NA15,600.00 kJ/mol
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300
10.3.1 9th Energy Level
NA18,600.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700
10.4.1 10th Energy Level
NA21,670.00 kJ/mol
Strontium Metal
17100 144300
10.6.1 11th Energy Level
NA30,970.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988
11.1.2 12th Energy Level
NA34,000.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368
11.2.1 13th Energy Level
NA37,100.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015
11.3.2 14th Energy Level
NA41,500.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450
11.5.2 15th Energy Level
NA44,800.00 kJ/mol
Manganese Metal
41987 97510
11.6.1 16th Energy Level
NA48,100.00 kJ/mol
Iron Metal
47206 109480
11.7.2 17th Energy Level
NA55,101.00 kJ/mol
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200
11.7.5 18th Energy Level
NA58,570.00 kJ/mol
Copper
58570 134810
11.8.2 19th Energy Level
NA148,700.00 kJ/mol
Copper Metal
64702 148700
11.9.1 20th Energy Level
NA159,000.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200
11.9.3 21st Energy Level
NA169,400.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100
11.9.4 22nd Energy Level
NA182,700.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900
11.9.6 23rd Energy Level
NA194,000.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800
11.9.7 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200
11.10.1 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900
11.10.2 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700
12.1.2 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800
12.1.3 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800
12.1.6 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100
12.1.8 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500
12.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209
12.4 Electron Work Function
3.41 eV5.15 eV
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65
12.5 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
13 Atomic
13.1 Atomic Number
9028
Lithium Metal
3 117
13.2 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
13.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
13.3.1 Crystal Lattice
13.4 Atom
13.4.1 Number of Protons
9028
Lithium Metal
3 117
14.1.1 Number of Neutrons
14231
Lithium Metal
4 184
14.2.1 Number of Electrons
9028
Lithium Metal
3 117
14.4 Radius of an Atom
14.4.1 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm124.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
112 265
14.5.1 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm124.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
96 260
14.6.1 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm163.00 pm
Zinc Metal
139 348
14.7 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu58.69 amu
Lithium Metal
6.94 294
14.9 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol6.59 cm3/mol
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07
14.10 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.10.1 Previous Element
14.10.2 Next Element
14.11 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)42.00 (-eV)
Francium Metal
8 392.42
14.12 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm352.40 pm
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25
14.14 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
14.15 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm38.91 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7
15.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
NA7.81 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.512 20
15.2 Tensile Strength
NA345.00 MPa
Indium Metal
2.5 11000
15.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526
15.4 Vapor Pressure
15.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121
15.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)19.50 (Pa)
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774
15.5 Elasticity properties
15.5.1 Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa76.00 GPa
Potassium Metal
1.3 222
15.5.2 Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa180.00 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.6 462
15.5.3 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa200.00 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.7 528
15.6 Poisson Ratio
0.270.31
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47
15.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.708.90
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500
16.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
16.1.3 Permeability
NA0.00 H/m
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063
16.1.4 Susceptibility
NA600.00
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000
16.2 Electrical Properties
16.2.1 Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
16.2.2 Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m69.30 nΩ·m
Thallium Metal
0.18 961
16.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63
16.2.4 Electron Affinity
NA112.00 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
0 222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.44 J/(kg K)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6
17.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K26.07 J/mol·K
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7
17.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K90.90 W/m·K
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429
17.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223
17.5 Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol371.80 kJ/mol
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1
17.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol17.57 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23
17.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol422.60 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
61.5 837
17.7 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K29.90 J/mol.K
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1