1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
2.2 Block
2.3 Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
2.4 CAS Number
74403267440020
7429905
54386242
2.8 Space Group Name
2.9 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %6 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.008 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
3.5.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.5.7 Abundance In Oceans
3.6.1 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.05 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.3.1 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.0.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C1,453.00 °C
27
3410
5.4 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C2,732.00 °C
147
5660
5.6 Appearance
5.6.1 Physical State
5.6.2 Color
5.6.3 Luster
5.7 Hardness
5.7.1 Mohs Hardness
5.9.2 Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa667.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.1.3 Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa638.00 MPa
121
3430
6.2 Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s4,900.00 m/s
818
16200
6.4 Optical Properties
6.4.1 Refractive Index
6.5.1 Reflectivity
6.7 Allotropes
6.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.4 Electronegativity
7.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.6.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.1.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.4.2 Allen Electronegativity
8.6 Electropositivity
8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.2 Ionization Energies
9.2.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.2.5 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol1,753.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.3.2 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol3,395.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.4.4 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol5,300.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.4.6 5th Energy Level
NA7,339.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.5.1 6th Energy Level
NA10,400.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.5.3 7th Energy level
NA12,800.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
9.6.1 8th Energy Level
NA15,600.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
10.3.1 9th Energy Level
NA18,600.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
10.4.1 10th Energy Level
NA21,670.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
10.6.1 11th Energy Level
NA30,970.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
11.1.2 12th Energy Level
NA34,000.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
11.2.1 13th Energy Level
NA37,100.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
11.3.2 14th Energy Level
NA41,500.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
11.5.2 15th Energy Level
NA44,800.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
11.6.1 16th Energy Level
NA48,100.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
11.7.2 17th Energy Level
NA55,101.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
11.7.5 18th Energy Level
NA58,570.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
11.8.2 19th Energy Level
NA148,700.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
11.9.1 20th Energy Level
NA159,000.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
11.9.3 21st Energy Level
NA169,400.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
11.9.4 22nd Energy Level
NA182,700.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
11.9.6 23rd Energy Level
NA194,000.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
11.9.7 24th Energy Level
11.10.1 25th Energy Level
11.10.2 26th Energy Level
12.1.2 27th Energy Level
12.1.3 28th Energy Level
12.1.6 29th Energy Level
12.1.8 30th Energy Level
12.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
12.4 Electron Work Function
12.5 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
13 Atomic
13.1 Atomic Number
13.2 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
13.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
13.3.1 Crystal Lattice
13.4 Atom
13.4.1 Number of Protons
14.1.1 Number of Neutrons
14.2.1 Number of Electrons
14.4 Radius of an Atom
14.4.1 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm124.00 pm
112
265
14.5.1 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm124.00 pm
96
260
14.6.1 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm163.00 pm
139
348
14.7 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu58.69 amu
6.94
294
14.9 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol6.59 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.10 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.10.1 Previous Element
14.10.2 Next Element
14.11 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)42.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
14.12 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm352.40 pm
228.58
891.25
14.14 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
14.15 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm38.91 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
15.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.2 Tensile Strength
15.3 Viscosity
15.4 Vapor Pressure
15.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
15.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)19.50 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
15.5 Elasticity properties
15.5.1 Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa76.00 GPa
1.3
222
15.5.2 Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa180.00 GPa
1.6
462
15.5.3 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa200.00 GPa
1.7
528
15.6 Poisson Ratio
15.7 Other Mechanical Properties
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
16.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
16.1.3 Permeability
NA0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
16.1.4 Susceptibility
NA600.00
-0.000166
200000
16.2 Electrical Properties
16.2.1 Electrical Property
16.2.2 Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m69.30 nΩ·m
0.18
961
16.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
16.2.4 Electron Affinity
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.44 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K26.07 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K90.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.4 Critical Temperature
17.5 Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol371.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol17.57 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol422.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.7 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K29.90 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1