1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.3 Block
1.4 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.5 CAS Number
74404737439965
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
- Manganese is an essential trace element in all forms of life.
- Manganese metal oxidizes very easily, but it does not fuse that easily.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Johann Gottlieb Gahn
2.3.2 Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798
In 1774
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %8 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.6.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.002 %~0.001 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.7 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.9 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
- This metal is very brittle hence it mostly not used as a pure metal, but its alloys are very useful
- Its alloy Manganese steel is extremely strong and used in railway tracks, safes, prison bars and riffle barrels.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-30.08 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.2.4 In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.100.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,857.00 °C1,245.00 °C
27
3410
7.3 Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C1,962.00 °C
147
5660
7.6 Appearance
7.6.1 Physical State
7.6.2 Color
7.6.3 Luster
7.7 Hardness
7.7.1 Mohs Hardness
7.7.4 Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa196.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.8.0 Vickers Hardness
8.2 Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s5,150.00 m/s
818
16200
8.5 Optical Properties
8.5.1 Refractive Index
8.5.3 Reflectivity
8.6 Allotropes
8.6.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.6.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.6.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.5.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.5.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.5.10 Allen Electronegativity
9.6 Electropositivity
9.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.7 Ionization Energies
9.7.1 1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol717.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.7.3 2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol1,509.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.7.4 3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol3,248.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.7.6 4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol4,940.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.7.8 5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol6,990.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.7.9 6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol9,220.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.7.11 7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol11,500.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
9.7.12 8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol18,770.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
9.7.14 9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol21,400.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
9.7.15 10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol23,960.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
9.7.17 11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol27,590.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
9.7.19 12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol30,330.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
9.7.21 13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol33,150.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
9.7.23 14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol38,880.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
9.7.26 15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol41,987.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
9.7.27 16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol109,480.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
9.7.29 17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol118,100.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
9.7.31 18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol127,100.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
9.7.33 19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol138,600.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
9.7.35 20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol148,500.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
9.7.37 21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol158,600.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
9.7.39 22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol172,500.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
9.7.41 23rd Energy Level
NA181,380.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
9.7.43 24th Energy Level
9.7.45 25th Energy Level
9.7.46 26th Energy Level
9.8.1 27th Energy Level
9.8.2 28th Energy Level
9.9.1 29th Energy Level
9.9.2 30th Energy Level
10.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr0.29 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
10.6 Electron Work Function
10.7 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
11 Atomic
11.1 Atomic Number
11.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
[Ar] 3d5 4s2
11.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
11.3.1 Crystal Lattice
11.4 Atom
11.4.1 Number of Protons
11.4.3 Number of Neutrons
11.5.2 Number of Electrons
11.6 Radius of an Atom
11.6.1 Atomic Radius
128.00 pm127.00 pm
112
265
11.6.3 Covalent Radius
139.00 pm139.00 pm
96
260
11.7.1 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
11.8 Atomic Weight
52.00 amu54.94 amu
6.94
294
11.10 Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol1.39 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.13.1 Previous Element
11.13.2 Next Element
11.14 Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)220.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.16 Lattice Constant
291.00 pm891.25 pm
228.58
891.25
11.19 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
11.20 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm37.21 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm35.95 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.2 Tensile Strength
13.4 Viscosity
13.5 Vapor Pressure
13.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
13.7.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)NA
2.62E-10
774
13.8 Elasticity properties
13.8.1 Shear Modulus
13.8.3 Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa120.00 GPa
1.6
462
13.9.2 Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa198.00 GPa
1.7
528
13.10 Poisson Ratio
13.11 Other Mechanical Properties
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.2.2 Permeability
14.2.3 Susceptibility
15.2 Electrical Properties
15.2.1 Electrical Property
15.2.2 Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m1.44 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.2.5 Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.2.7 Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)0.48 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K26.32 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.3 Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K7.81 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.2 Critical Temperature
17.3 Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)21.70 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.5 Enthalpy
17.5.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol219.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol14.64 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.7.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol280.30 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.9 Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K32.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1