1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.8 Block
1.9 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.10 CAS Number
74405317440188
7429905
54386242
1.13 Space Group Name
1.14 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
Not Available
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
Karl Ernst Claus
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %4 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00000005 %~0.0000005 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.8 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.11 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.13 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
-
It is used in low energy light bulbs.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
5.2.4 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
822.00 °C2,250.00 °C
27
3410
7.2 Boiling Point
1,597.00 °C3,900.00 °C
147
5660
7.4 Appearance
7.4.1 Physical State
7.4.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
7.4.3 Luster
7.5 Hardness
7.5.1 Mohs Hardness
7.7.2 Brinell Hardness
7.7.4 Vickers Hardness
7.8 Speed of Sound
7.10 Optical Properties
7.10.1 Refractive Index
7.10.2 Reflectivity
7.12 Allotropes
7.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.4.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.4.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.4.7 Allen Electronegativity
9.5 Electropositivity
9.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.6 Ionization Energies
9.6.1 1st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.6.2 2nd Energy Level
1,085.00 kJ/mol710.22 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.7.2 3rd Energy Level
2,404.00 kJ/mol2,747.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.8.2 4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
9.8.5 5th Energy Level
9.8.7 6th Energy Level
9.8.9 7th Energy level
9.8.12 8th Energy Level
9.8.15 9th Energy Level
9.8.18 10th Energy Level
9.8.22 11th Energy Level
9.8.24 12th Energy Level
9.8.27 13th Energy Level
9.8.29 14th Energy Level
9.8.31 15th Energy Level
9.8.33 16th Energy Level
9.8.36 17th Energy Level
9.8.38 18th Energy Level
9.8.40 19th Energy Level
9.8.42 20th Energy Level
9.8.44 21st Energy Level
9.8.46 22nd Energy Level
9.8.48 23rd Energy Level
9.8.50 24th Energy Level
9.8.52 25th Energy Level
9.9.1 26th Energy Level
9.9.2 27th Energy Level
9.10.1 28th Energy Level
9.10.2 29th Energy Level
10.1.1 30th Energy Level
10.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.89 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
10.6 Electron Work Function
10.7 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
11 Atomic
11.1 Atomic Number
11.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 6s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
11.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
11.3.1 Crystal Lattice
11.4 Atom
11.4.1 Number of Protons
11.5.2 Number of Neutrons
11.5.4 Number of Electrons
11.7 Radius of an Atom
11.7.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm134.00 pm
112
265
11.7.2 Covalent Radius
198.00 pm146.00 pm
96
260
11.8.1 Van der Waals Radius
233.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
11.9 Atomic Weight
151.96 amu101.07 amu
6.94
294
11.12 Atomic Volume
28.90 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.14 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.14.1 Previous Element
11.14.2 Next Element
11.15 Valence Electron Potential
45.60 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
12.2 Lattice Constant
458.10 pm270.59 pm
228.58
891.25
12.3 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
12.4 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
5.26 g/cm312.45 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.13 g/cm310.65 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.5 Tensile Strength
13.6 Viscosity
13.7 Vapor Pressure
13.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
19.40 (Pa)NA
2.47E-11
121
13.8.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.9 Elasticity properties
13.9.1 Shear Modulus
7.90 GPa173.00 GPa
1.3
222
13.9.3 Bulk Modulus
8.30 GPa220.00 GPa
1.6
462
13.10.1 Young's Modulus
18.20 GPa447.00 GPa
1.7
528
14.2 Poisson Ratio
14.3 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
15 Magnetic
15.1 Magnetic Characteristics
15.1.1 Specific Gravity
15.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
15.1.4 Permeability
15.2.3 Susceptibility
15.3 Electrical Properties
15.3.1 Electrical Property
15.3.2 Resistivity
0.90 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.3.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
16.1.1 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol101.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.3 Molar Heat Capacity
27.66 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.4 Thermal Conductivity
13.90 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.6 Critical Temperature
17.8 Thermal Expansion
35.00 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.10 Enthalpy
17.10.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
143.50 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.10.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
9.21 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.10.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.12 Standard Molar Entropy
77.80 J/mol.K28.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1