1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.6 Block
1.7 Element Family
1.8 CAS Number
74405427440097
7429905
54386242
1.3 Space Group Name
1.4 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- In the list of most abundant element Potassium is ranked 7th.
- Potassium can easily be sliced (chopped) down using knife.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Humphry Davy
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.7.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.9.3 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.5.4 Abundance In Oceans
3.5.7 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Potassium’s compounds are in high demand for their application in Fertilizer manufacturing.
- Potassium carbonate is used in glass manufacturing and Potassium carbonate in manufacturing detergent and body wash.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA1,620.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
NA2,100.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,311.00 °C63.65 °C
27
3410
6.4 Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C774.00 °C
147
5660
7.2 Appearance
7.2.1 Physical State
7.2.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
7.2.3 Luster
7.3 Hardness
7.3.1 Mohs Hardness
8.5.1 Brinell Hardness
8.5.3 Vickers Hardness
8.8 Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s2,000.00 m/s
818
16200
8.10 Optical Properties
8.10.1 Refractive Index
8.10.4 Reflectivity
8.11 Allotropes
8.11.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.11.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.11.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.5 Electronegativity
9.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.7.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.9.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
10.3.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
10.6.1 Allen Electronegativity
11.2 Electropositivity
11.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity
11.3 Ionization Energies
11.3.1 1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol418.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
11.4.1 2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol3,052.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
11.5.1 3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol4,420.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
11.6.4 4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol5,877.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
11.8.2 5th Energy Level
NA7,975.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
11.9.2 6th Energy Level
NA9,590.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
11.9.4 7th Energy level
NA11,343.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
11.9.7 8th Energy Level
NA14,944.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
11.10.2 9th Energy Level
NA16,963.70 kJ/mol
14110
134700
12.1.2 10th Energy Level
NA48,610.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
12.1.6 11th Energy Level
NA54,490.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
12.1.8 12th Energy Level
NA60,730.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
12.1.11 13th Energy Level
NA68,950.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
12.2.4 14th Energy Level
NA75,900.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
12.2.7 15th Energy Level
NA83,080.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
12.2.10 16th Energy Level
NA93,400.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
12.2.12 17th Energy Level
NA99,710.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
13.1.2 18th Energy Level
13.2.2 19th Energy Level
13.3.2 20th Energy Level
13.3.4 21st Energy Level
13.4.2 22nd Energy Level
13.5.1 23rd Energy Level
13.5.3 24th Energy Level
13.6.3 25th Energy Level
13.6.5 26th Energy Level
13.6.8 27th Energy Level
13.6.9 28th Energy Level
13.6.13 29th Energy Level
13.7.1 30th Energy Level
13.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr1.46 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
13.10 Electron Work Function
13.12 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
14 Atomic
14.1 Atomic Number
15.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Ar] 4s1
15.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
15.3.1 Crystal Lattice
15.4 Atom
15.4.1 Number of Protons
15.7.3 Number of Neutrons
15.7.5 Number of Electrons
15.9 Radius of an Atom
15.9.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm227.00 pm
112
265
15.9.3 Covalent Radius
196.00 pm203.00 pm
96
260
15.11.1 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm275.00 pm
139
348
15.14 Atomic Weight
47.87 amu39.10 amu
6.94
294
15.18 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol45.46 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
16.2 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
16.2.1 Previous Element
16.2.2 Next Element
16.3 Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)10.40 (-eV)
8
392.42
16.5 Lattice Constant
363.60 pm532.80 pm
228.58
891.25
16.7 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
16.8 Lattice C/A Ratio
17 Mechanical
17.1 Density
17.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm30.86 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
17.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm30.83 g/cm3
0.512
20
17.3 Tensile Strength
17.4 Viscosity
17.5 Vapor Pressure
17.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
17.5.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
17.6 Elasticity properties
17.6.1 Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa1.30 GPa
1.3
222
17.7.1 Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa3.10 GPa
1.6
462
18.1.2 Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa3.53 GPa
1.7
528
18.2 Poisson Ratio
18.4 Other Mechanical Properties
19 Magnetic
19.1 Magnetic Characteristics
19.1.1 Specific Gravity
19.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
19.1.4 Permeability
19.1.6 Susceptibility
19.2 Electrical Properties
19.2.1 Electrical Property
19.2.2 Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m72.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
20.1.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
20.2.1 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol48.40 kJ/mol
0
222.8
21 Thermal
21.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.75 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
21.2 Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K29.60 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
21.4 Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K102.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
21.6 Critical Temperature
21.8 Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)83.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
21.9 Enthalpy
21.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol77.50 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
21.9.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol2.32 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
21.10.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol89.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
21.11 Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K64.70 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1