1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
1.7 CAS Number
74403267440520
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Carl Gustaf Mosander
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.8 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.11 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.13 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.6 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C1,522.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C2,510.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.4 Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa814.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.8 Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa589.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s2,830.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.7.1 Reflectivity
4.8 Allotropes
4.8.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.8.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.2 Electronegativity
6.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.2.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.5.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.5.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.5.10 Allen Electronegativity
6.7 Electropositivity
6.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.8 Ionization Energies
6.8.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol589.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.8.4 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol1,150.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
6.8.7 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol2,194.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
6.9.2 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
6.11.1 5th Energy Level
6.11.2 6th Energy Level
6.14.1 7th Energy level
7.1.1 8th Energy Level
7.1.2 9th Energy Level
8.1.2 10th Energy Level
8.1.4 11th Energy Level
8.1.6 12th Energy Level
8.2.1 13th Energy Level
8.5.2 14th Energy Level
8.5.5 15th Energy Level
8.5.7 16th Energy Level
8.7.1 17th Energy Level
8.8.1 18th Energy Level
8.8.2 19th Energy Level
8.10.1 20th Energy Level
8.11.1 21st Energy Level
8.12.1 22nd Energy Level
9.1.2 23rd Energy Level
10.1.2 24th Energy Level
10.1.5 25th Energy Level
10.1.8 26th Energy Level
10.1.9 27th Energy Level
10.3.1 28th Energy Level
10.3.2 29th Energy Level
10.4.1 30th Energy Level
10.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr2.08 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
10.7 Electron Work Function
11.3 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.3 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
12.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
12.4.1 Crystal Lattice
12.5 Atom
12.5.1 Number of Protons
12.6.2 Number of Neutrons
12.7.1 Number of Electrons
13.2 Radius of an Atom
13.2.2 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm176.00 pm
112
265
13.3.2 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm189.00 pm
96
260
13.3.6 Van der Waals Radius
13.4 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu167.26 amu
6.94
294
13.6 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol18.40 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
13.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
13.8.1 Previous Element
13.8.2 Next Element
13.9 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)49.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
13.10 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm355.88 pm
228.58
891.25
14.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
14.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm39.07 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
15.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.3 Tensile Strength
15.5 Viscosity
15.7 Vapor Pressure
15.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
15.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
15.9 Elasticity properties
15.9.1 Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa28.30 GPa
1.3
222
15.9.3 Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa44.40 GPa
1.6
462
15.9.5 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa69.90 GPa
1.7
528
15.11 Poisson Ratio
15.12 Other Mechanical Properties
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
16.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
16.1.3 Permeability
16.1.4 Susceptibility
16.2 Electrical Properties
16.2.1 Electrical Property
16.2.2 Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m0.86 nΩ·m
0.18
961
16.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
16.2.4 Electron Affinity
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.17 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K28.12 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K14.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.4 Critical Temperature
17.5 Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)12.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol261.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol17.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol314.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.7 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K73.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1