×

Thorium
Thorium

Erbium
Erbium



ADD
Compare
X
Thorium
X
Erbium

Thorium Erbium Comparison

Add ⊕
1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Th
Er
1.2 Group Number
0NA
Gadolinium Metal
0 17
1.3 Period Number
76
Lithium Metal
2 7
1.5 Block
f block
f block
1.6 Element Family
Actinide
Lanthanide
1.7 CAS Number
74403267440520
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.9 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium Metal
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Carl Gustaf Mosander
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1829
In 1842
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %2 * 10-7 %
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.0000001 %
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %0.00 %
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22
2.4.8 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %0.00 %
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.11 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1
2.4.13 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Mildly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
Plutonium Metal
0 1970
3.2.6 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.NA
Plutonium Metal
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C1,522.00 °C
Francium Metal
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C2,510.00 °C
Flerovium Metal
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silver
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
NA
Lustrous
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
3.00NA
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5
4.4.4 Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa814.00 MPa
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490
4.4.8 Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa589.00 MPa
Palladium Metal
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s2,830.00 m/s
Thallium Metal
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229
4.7.1 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
58 97
4.8 Allotropes
4.8.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.8.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Th
Er
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
2831
Tennessine Metal
0 38
6.2 Electronegativity
6.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.301.24
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54
6.2.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56
6.5.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.11
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82
6.5.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48
6.5.10 Allen Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7
6.7 Electropositivity
6.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.702.76
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3
6.8 Ionization Energies
6.8.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol589.30 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130
6.8.4 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol1,150.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium Metal
710.2162 28750
6.8.7 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol2,194.00 kJ/mol
Osmium Metal
1600 34230
6.9.2 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
Tin
2780 37066
6.11.1 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510
6.11.2 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800
6.14.1 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300
7.1.1 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300
7.1.2 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700
8.1.2 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium Metal
17100 144300
8.1.4 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988
8.1.6 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368
8.2.1 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015
8.5.2 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450
8.5.5 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese Metal
41987 97510
8.5.7 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron Metal
47206 109480
8.7.1 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200
8.8.1 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel Metal
58570 134810
8.8.2 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper Metal
64702 148700
8.10.1 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200
8.11.1 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100
8.12.1 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900
9.1.2 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800
10.1.2 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200
10.1.5 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900
10.1.8 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700
10.1.9 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800
10.3.1 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800
10.3.2 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100
10.4.1 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500
10.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr2.08 g/amp-hr
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209
10.7 Electron Work Function
3.41 eVNA
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65
11.3 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
9068
Lithium Metal
3 117
12.3 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
12.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
12.4.1 Crystal Lattice
12.5 Atom
12.5.1 Number of Protons
9068
Lithium Metal
3 117
12.6.2 Number of Neutrons
14299
Lithium Metal
4 184
12.7.1 Number of Electrons
9068
Lithium Metal
3 117
13.2 Radius of an Atom
13.2.2 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm176.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
112 265
13.3.2 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm189.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
96 260
13.3.6 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pmNA
Zinc Metal
139 348
13.4 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu167.26 amu
Lithium Metal
6.94 294
13.6 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol18.40 cm3/mol
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07
13.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
13.8.1 Previous Element
13.8.2 Next Element
13.9 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)49.00 (-eV)
Francium Metal
8 392.42
13.10 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm355.88 pm
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25
14.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
14.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
NA1.57
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm39.07 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7
15.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
NA8.86 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.512 20
15.3 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium Metal
2.5 11000
15.5 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526
15.7 Vapor Pressure
15.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121
15.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774
15.9 Elasticity properties
15.9.1 Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa28.30 GPa
Potassium Metal
1.3 222
15.9.3 Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa44.40 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.6 462
15.9.5 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa69.90 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.7 528
15.11 Poisson Ratio
0.270.24
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47
15.12 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Malleable
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.709.07
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500
16.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
16.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063
16.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000
16.2 Electrical Properties
16.2.1 Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
16.2.2 Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m0.86 nΩ·m
Thallium Metal
0.18 961
16.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63
16.2.4 Electron Affinity
NA50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
0 222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.17 J/(kg K)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6
17.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K28.12 J/mol·K
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7
17.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K14.50 W/m·K
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429
17.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223
17.5 Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)12.20 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol261.00 kJ/mol
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1
17.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol17.20 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23
17.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol314.00 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
61.5 837
17.7 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K73.10 J/mol.K
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1