1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74404397440484
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
2.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Georg Brandt
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
-
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.04 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.0.04 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
320.90 °C1,495.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
765.00 °C2,870.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa470.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s4,720.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
4.7.2 β Allotropes
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol1,648.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol3,232.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA4,950.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA7,670.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA9,840.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA12,440.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA15,230.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA17,959.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA26,570.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA29,400.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA32,400.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NA36,600.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NA39,700.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NA42,800.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NA49,396.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NA52,737.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NA134,810.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NA145,170.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NA154,700.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NA167,400.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NA178,100.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NA189,300.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm147.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
112.41 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol10.64 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
297.94 pm295.08 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm34.51 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm34.11 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa434.00 MPa
2.5
11000
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa44.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa110.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa116.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Poor Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m420.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol7.60 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.52 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K25.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K21.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)8.60 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1