1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
1.7 CAS Number
74405427440713
7429905
54386242
1.11 Space Group Name
1.12 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.5 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.7 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.9 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
-
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.6 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,311.00 °C900.00 °C
27
3410
6.3 Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C1,470.00 °C
147
5660
6.4 Appearance
6.4.1 Physical State
6.4.2 Color
6.4.3 Luster
6.5 Hardness
6.5.1 Mohs Hardness
7.1.1 Brinell Hardness
7.2.1 Vickers Hardness
7.5 Speed of Sound
7.6 Optical Properties
7.6.1 Refractive Index
7.6.2 Reflectivity
7.7 Allotropes
7.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.3 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.4.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.4.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.5.3 Allen Electronegativity
9.3 Electropositivity
9.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.4 Ionization Energies
9.4.1 1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol608.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol1,206.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol2,267.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.5.5 4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol3,599.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.5.6 5th Energy Level
9.5.7 6th Energy Level
9.5.9 7th Energy level
9.5.10 8th Energy Level
9.5.12 9th Energy Level
9.5.14 10th Energy Level
9.5.15 11th Energy Level
9.6.2 12th Energy Level
9.7.2 13th Energy Level
9.7.4 14th Energy Level
9.7.6 15th Energy Level
9.7.7 16th Energy Level
9.7.9 17th Energy Level
9.7.10 18th Energy Level
9.7.12 19th Energy Level
9.7.13 20th Energy Level
9.7.14 21st Energy Level
9.7.16 22nd Energy Level
9.7.17 23rd Energy Level
9.7.18 24th Energy Level
9.7.20 25th Energy Level
9.7.21 26th Energy Level
9.7.22 27th Energy Level
9.7.24 28th Energy Level
9.7.25 29th Energy Level
9.7.26 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr3.12 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.3 Number of Neutrons
10.4.4 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm186.00 pm
112
265
10.5.2 Covalent Radius
10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
10.6 Atomic Weight
47.87 amu251.00 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/molNA
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)44.50 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
363.60 pm338.00 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm315.10 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.4 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
11.5.4 Bulk Modulus
11.5.6 Young's Modulus
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable, Sectile
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
12.2.2 Permeability
12.2.3 Susceptibility
12.4 Electrical Properties
12.4.1 Electrical Property
12.4.2 Resistivity
13.1.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm ΩNA
0.00666
0.63
13.4.2 Electron Affinity
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
14.2 Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·KNA
16.443
62.7
14.3 Thermal Conductivity
14.5 Critical Temperature
14.6 Thermal Expansion
14.7 Enthalpy
14.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/molNA
7.32
799.1
1.4.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
1.5.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
1.8 Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.KNA
9.5
198.1