1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.7 Block
1.8 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.9 CAS Number
74405427440031
7429905
54386242
2.3 Space Group Name
2.4 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Charles Hatchett
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
4.1.1 Abundance In Meteorites
4.2.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.4.2 Abundance In Oceans
4.4.4 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
6.1.3 Other Uses
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
6.3.2 In Bone
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
1,311.00 °C2,468.00 °C
27
3410
7.2 Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C2,468.00 °C
147
5660
7.4 Appearance
7.4.1 Physical State
7.4.2 Color
7.4.3 Luster
7.5 Hardness
7.5.1 Mohs Hardness
7.6.2 Brinell Hardness
7.6.5 Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa870.00 MPa
121
3430
8.4 Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s3,480.00 m/s
818
16200
8.7 Optical Properties
8.7.1 Refractive Index
8.7.4 Reflectivity
8.8 Allotropes
8.8.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.8.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.3.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.3.10 Allen Electronegativity
9.5 Electropositivity
9.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.7 Ionization Energies
9.7.1 1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol652.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.7.4 2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol1,380.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.7.6 3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol2,416.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.7.9 4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol3,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.7.12 5th Energy Level
NA4,877.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.7.14 6th Energy Level
NA9,847.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.7.18 7th Energy level
NA12,100.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
9.7.21 8th Energy Level
9.7.26 9th Energy Level
9.7.29 10th Energy Level
9.7.33 11th Energy Level
9.7.37 12th Energy Level
9.7.41 13th Energy Level
9.7.45 14th Energy Level
9.8.2 15th Energy Level
9.9.2 16th Energy Level
10.1.1 17th Energy Level
10.4.3 18th Energy Level
10.4.6 19th Energy Level
10.4.8 20th Energy Level
10.5.3 21st Energy Level
10.5.6 22nd Energy Level
10.6.1 23rd Energy Level
10.7.1 24th Energy Level
10.9.1 25th Energy Level
10.10.1 26th Energy Level
11.1.2 27th Energy Level
11.1.5 28th Energy Level
11.2.2 29th Energy Level
11.4.3 30th Energy Level
11.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr0.69 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.7 Electron Work Function
11.9 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
13.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
13.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
13.4.1 Crystal Lattice
13.5 Atom
13.5.1 Number of Protons
13.7.2 Number of Neutrons
15.1.1 Number of Electrons
15.7 Radius of an Atom
15.7.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm146.00 pm
112
265
15.8.1 Covalent Radius
196.00 pm164.00 pm
96
260
15.9.1 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
15.11 Atomic Weight
47.87 amu92.91 amu
6.94
294
15.12 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol10.87 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
15.15 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
15.15.1 Previous Element
15.15.2 Next Element
15.16 Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)104.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
15.17 Lattice Constant
363.60 pm330.04 pm
228.58
891.25
15.19 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
15.20 Lattice C/A Ratio
16 Mechanical
16.1 Density
16.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm38.57 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
16.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
16.5 Tensile Strength
16.7 Viscosity
16.8 Vapor Pressure
16.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
17.1.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
17.2 Elasticity properties
17.2.1 Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa38.00 GPa
1.3
222
17.2.3 Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa170.00 GPa
1.6
462
17.3.1 Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa105.00 GPa
1.7
528
17.5 Poisson Ratio
17.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
18 Magnetic
18.1 Magnetic Characteristics
18.1.1 Specific Gravity
18.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
18.1.4 Permeability
18.1.5 Susceptibility
18.3 Electrical Properties
18.3.1 Electrical Property
18.3.2 Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m152.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
18.3.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
18.3.6 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol86.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
19 Thermal
19.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.26 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
19.3 Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K24.60 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
20.2 Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K53.70 W/m·K
6.3
429
20.3 Critical Temperature
20.4 Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)7.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
20.6 Enthalpy
20.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol696.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
20.6.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol27.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
20.6.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol745.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
20.7 Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K36.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1