1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74405427440326
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- The only metal which burns in Nitrogen is Titanium.
- Titanium is also known as corrosion resistant metal.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
W. Gregor & J. Berzelius
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.3.1 Abundance In Oceans
1.8.1 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Its alloys are used in spacecraft, aircraft and ammunition industry.
- Its pipes are used in distillation plants, submarines, hulls of big ships, etc.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.6 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,311.00 °C1,660.00 °C
27
3410
5.3 Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C3,287.00 °C
147
5660
6.2 Appearance
6.2.1 Physical State
6.2.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray-White
6.2.3 Luster
6.3 Hardness
6.3.1 Mohs Hardness
6.6.2 Brinell Hardness
6.6.5 Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa830.00 MPa
121
3430
6.8 Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s5,090.00 m/s
818
16200
7.3 Optical Properties
7.3.1 Refractive Index
7.4.2 Reflectivity
7.5 Allotropes
7.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.3 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.5.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.5.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.5.11 Allen Electronegativity
8.6 Electropositivity
8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.7 Ionization Energies
8.7.1 1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol658.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.7.3 2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol1,309.80 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.7.5 3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol2,652.50 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.7.7 4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol4,174.60 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.7.9 5th Energy Level
NA9,581.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
8.7.11 6th Energy Level
NA11,533.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
8.7.13 7th Energy level
NA13,590.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
8.7.15 8th Energy Level
NA16,440.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
8.7.17 9th Energy Level
NA18,530.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
8.7.19 10th Energy Level
NA20,833.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
8.7.21 11th Energy Level
NA25,575.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
8.7.24 12th Energy Level
NA28,125.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
8.7.26 13th Energy Level
NA76,015.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
8.7.29 14th Energy Level
NA83,280.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
8.7.31 15th Energy Level
NA90,880.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
8.7.34 16th Energy Level
NA100,700.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
8.7.36 17th Energy Level
NA109,100.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
8.7.38 18th Energy Level
NA117,800.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
8.7.40 19th Energy Level
NA129,900.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
8.8.1 20th Energy Level
NA137,530.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
8.9.1 21st Energy Level
9.1.1 22nd Energy Level
9.1.2 23rd Energy Level
9.4.2 24th Energy Level
9.4.3 25th Energy Level
9.4.5 26th Energy Level
9.4.6 27th Energy Level
9.4.8 28th Energy Level
9.4.9 29th Energy Level
9.5.2 30th Energy Level
9.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr0.45 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.7 Electron Work Function
9.9 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Ionization
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
10.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
10.7.1 Number of Neutrons
10.8.1 Number of Electrons
11.2 Radius of an Atom
11.2.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm147.00 pm
112
265
11.2.2 Covalent Radius
196.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
11.2.4 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
11.4 Atomic Weight
47.87 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
11.6 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol10.64 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.8.1 Previous Element
11.8.2 Next Element
11.9 Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.11 Lattice Constant
363.60 pm295.08 pm
228.58
891.25
11.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
11.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm34.51 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm34.11 g/cm3
0.512
20
12.3 Tensile Strength
13.2 Viscosity
13.3 Vapor Pressure
13.3.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.3.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)0.98 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
13.5 Elasticity properties
13.5.1 Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa44.00 GPa
1.3
222
13.5.3 Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa110.00 GPa
1.6
462
13.5.5 Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa116.00 GPa
1.7
528
14.2 Poisson Ratio
14.4 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
15 Magnetic
15.1 Magnetic Characteristics
15.1.1 Specific Gravity
15.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
15.2.2 Permeability
15.3.1 Susceptibility
15.5 Electrical Properties
15.5.1 Electrical Property
15.5.2 Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m420.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.5.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.6.2 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol7.60 kJ/mol
0
222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.52 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K25.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.4 Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K21.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
16.5 Critical Temperature
16.6 Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)8.60 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
16.7 Enthalpy
16.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
16.7.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
16.7.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
16.8 Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1