1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.6 Block
1.7 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
1.8 CAS Number
74405867439921
7429905
54386242
1.12 Space Group Name
1.13 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
3.3 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
3.4 History
3.4.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Unknown
3.4.3 Discovery
In 1922
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
3.6 Abundance
3.6.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
3.8.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.000001 %
1E-08
0.1
4.7.1 Abundance In Meteorites
4.7.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.9.1 Abundance In Oceans
4.9.4 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
5.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
NA0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
7.4.2 In Bone
9 Physical
9.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C327.50 °C
27
3410
10.2 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C1,740.00 °C
147
5660
11.3 Appearance
11.3.1 Physical State
11.3.2 Color
11.3.3 Luster
11.4 Hardness
11.4.1 Mohs Hardness
11.7.2 Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa38.00 MPa
0.14
3490
11.9.2 Vickers Hardness
11.10 Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s1,190.00 m/s
818
16200
11.11 Optical Properties
11.11.1 Refractive Index
11.13.1 Reflectivity
11.14 Allotropes
11.14.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11.14.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11.15.2 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12 Chemical
12.1 Chemical Formula
12.2 Isotopes
12.2.1 Known Isotopes
12.4 Electronegativity
12.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
14.2.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
14.4.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
15.2.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
15.2.7 Allen Electronegativity
15.3 Electropositivity
15.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
15.4 Ionization Energies
15.4.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
16.1.1 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,450.50 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
16.3.2 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol3,081.50 kJ/mol
1600
34230
16.5.3 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol4,083.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
16.6.3 5th Energy Level
NA6,640.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
16.6.5 6th Energy Level
16.6.8 7th Energy level
16.8.3 8th Energy Level
16.8.6 9th Energy Level
16.8.8 10th Energy Level
16.8.12 11th Energy Level
16.8.16 12th Energy Level
16.8.20 13th Energy Level
16.9.1 14th Energy Level
16.9.3 15th Energy Level
16.10.2 16th Energy Level
16.10.6 17th Energy Level
17.2.4 18th Energy Level
17.2.6 19th Energy Level
17.3.4 20th Energy Level
17.3.7 21st Energy Level
17.3.10 22nd Energy Level
17.3.12 23rd Energy Level
17.3.16 24th Energy Level
17.3.20 25th Energy Level
17.3.23 26th Energy Level
17.3.27 27th Energy Level
17.3.30 28th Energy Level
17.4.4 29th Energy Level
17.5.2 30th Energy Level
17.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr3.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
17.7 Electron Work Function
17.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
18 Atomic
18.1 Atomic Number
18.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
18.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
18.4.1 Crystal Lattice
18.5 Atom
18.5.1 Number of Protons
18.7.2 Number of Neutrons
19.1.2 Number of Electrons
20.7 Radius of an Atom
20.7.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm175.00 pm
112
265
20.8.3 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm146.00 pm
96
260
20.8.6 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm202.00 pm
139
348
20.9 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu207.20 amu
6.94
294
20.11 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol18.17 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
20.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
20.13.1 Previous Element
20.13.2 Next Element
20.14 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)24.20 (-eV)
8
392.42
20.15 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm495.08 pm
228.58
891.25
20.17 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
20.18 Lattice C/A Ratio
21 Mechanical
21.1 Density
21.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm311.34 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
21.4.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm310.66 g/cm3
0.512
20
21.7 Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa12.00 MPa
2.5
11000
21.12 Viscosity
21.14 Vapor Pressure
21.14.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
22.1.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
22.4 Elasticity properties
22.4.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa5.60 GPa
1.3
222
23.2.2 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa46.00 GPa
1.6
462
23.4.2 Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa16.00 GPa
1.7
528
23.7 Poisson Ratio
23.9 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
24 Magnetic
24.1 Magnetic Characteristics
24.1.1 Specific Gravity
24.2.5 Magnetic Ordering
24.2.6 Permeability
24.3.4 Susceptibility
24.4 Electrical Properties
24.4.1 Electrical Property
24.4.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m208.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
24.5.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
24.7.1 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol35.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
28 Thermal
28.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
28.5 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K26.65 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
28.7 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K35.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
28.9 Critical Temperature
28.10 Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)28.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
28.11 Enthalpy
28.11.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol179.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
30.1.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol4.77 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
30.5.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol194.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
30.7 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K64.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1