Hafnium

Lead

Hafnium vs Lead

Hafnium

Lead

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

414

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

p block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Post-Transition

1.6 CAS Number

74405867439921

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Fm_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00225.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.

Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.

2.2 Sources

By-product Zirconium Refining

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy

Unknown

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1922

In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

7 * 10^-8 %1 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000001 %~0.000001 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.

It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Ammunition Industry

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

NA0.21 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

NA30.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

2,150.00 °C327.50 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

5,400.00 °C1,740.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

5.501.50

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

1,450.00 MPa38.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

1,520.00 MPaNA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

3,010.00 m/s1,190.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3235

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.87

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA2.29

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.231.55

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NA2.41

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.161.85

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.701.67

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,440.00 kJ/mol1,450.50 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,250.00 kJ/mol3,081.50 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

3,216.00 kJ/mol4,083.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA6,640.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NANA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.66 g/amp-hr3.87 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

3.90 eV4.25 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

7282

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

7282

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

106125

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

7282

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

159.00 pm175.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

175.00 pm146.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm202.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

178.49 amu207.20 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

13.60 cm3/mol18.17 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

81.00 (-eV)24.20 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

319.64 pm495.08 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.58NA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

13.31 g/cm³11.34 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

12.00 g/cm310.66 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

445.00 MPa12.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA1.64 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

30.00 GPa5.60 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

110.00 GPa46.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

78.00 GPa16.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.370.44

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

13.3111.35

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Diamagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Poor Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

331.00 nΩ·m208.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.03 10⁶/cm Ω0.05 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/mol35.10 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.14 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.73 J/mol·K26.65 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

23.00 W/m·K35.30 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

5.90 µm/(m·K)28.90 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

661.10 kJ/mol179.40 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

25.10 kJ/mol4.77 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

703.00 kJ/mol194.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

43.60 J/mol.K64.80 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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