1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74400867440644
7429905
54386242
2.3 Space Group Name
2.4 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
3.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4.1.1 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
4.2.1 Abundance In Meteorites
4.4.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.4.4 Abundance In Oceans
4.4.5 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
5.3.1 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
254.00 °C824.00 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
962.00 °C1,196.00 °C
147
5660
7.4 Appearance
7.4.1 Physical State
7.4.2 Color
7.4.3 Luster
7.5 Hardness
7.5.1 Mohs Hardness
7.5.3 Brinell Hardness
7.5.4 Vickers Hardness
7.6 Speed of Sound
7.7 Optical Properties
7.7.1 Refractive Index
7.7.3 Reflectivity
7.8 Allotropes
7.8.1 α Allotropes
7.8.2 β Allotropes
7.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.5 Electronegativity
8.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.5.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.5.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.5.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.5.9 Allen Electronegativity
8.6 Electropositivity
8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.7 Ionization Energies
8.7.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol603.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.7.3 2nd Energy Level
NA1,174.80 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.7.5 3rd Energy Level
NA2,417.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.7.7 4th Energy Level
NA4,203.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.7.9 5th Energy Level
8.7.10 6th Energy Level
8.7.13 7th Energy level
8.7.15 8th Energy Level
8.7.16 9th Energy Level
8.7.18 10th Energy Level
8.7.20 11th Energy Level
8.7.23 12th Energy Level
8.7.25 13th Energy Level
8.7.27 14th Energy Level
8.7.29 15th Energy Level
8.7.32 16th Energy Level
8.7.34 17th Energy Level
8.7.36 18th Energy Level
8.7.38 19th Energy Level
8.7.40 20th Energy Level
8.7.42 21st Energy Level
8.7.44 22nd Energy Level
8.7.46 23rd Energy Level
8.8.1 24th Energy Level
8.8.2 25th Energy Level
8.9.1 26th Energy Level
8.9.2 27th Energy Level
9.1.1 28th Energy Level
9.4.2 29th Energy Level
9.4.3 30th Energy Level
9.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr2.15 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.6 Electron Work Function
9.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Xe] 4f14 6s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.3 Number of Neutrons
10.5.1 Number of Electrons
10.7 Radius of an Atom
10.7.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
10.9.1 Covalent Radius
140.00 pm187.00 pm
96
260
10.10.1 Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm242.00 pm
139
348
10.13 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu173.05 amu
6.94
294
11.2 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol24.79 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.3 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.3.1 Previous Element
11.3.2 Next Element
11.4 Valence Electron Potential
11.6 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm548.47 pm
228.58
891.25
11.8 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
11.9 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm36.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm36.21 g/cm3
0.512
20
12.3 Tensile Strength
12.4 Viscosity
12.5 Vapor Pressure
12.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
12.5.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.6 Elasticity properties
12.6.1 Shear Modulus
12.7.1 Bulk Modulus
13.1.2 Young's Modulus
13.2 Poisson Ratio
13.4 Other Mechanical Properties
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
14.1.3 Permeability
14.1.5 Susceptibility
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
14.2.2 Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m0.25 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.1.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.04 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.3.1 Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.15 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.3 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K26.74 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.5 Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K38.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
16.6 Critical Temperature
16.7 Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)26.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
16.8 Enthalpy
16.8.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol128.90 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
16.9.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol7.66 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
16.9.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol180.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
16.10 Standard Molar Entropy
NA59.90 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1