Thorium

Bismuth

Thorium Bismuth Comparison

Thorium

Bismuth

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

015

0 17

1.5 Period Number

2 7

1.7 Block

f block

p block

1.8 Element Family

Actinide

Post-Transition

1.9 CAS Number

74403267440699

7429905 54386242

1.11 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

C12/m1

1.12 Space Group Number

194.0012.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.

It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Claude François Geoffroy

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1829

In 1753

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10^-4 %7 * 10^-8 %

5E-09 0.11

3.1.3 Abundance In Sun

~0.0004 %~0.000006 %

1E-08 0.1

3.1.9 Abundance In Meteorites

0.05 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

3.2.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.66 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

4.1.1 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

4.2.1 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

5 Uses

5.1 Uses & Benefits

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.

5.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

5.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Pharmaceutical Industry

5.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

Alloys

5.2 Biological Properties

5.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

Low Toxic

5.3.1 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

5.3.2 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.02 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

5.4.1 In Bone

0.02 p.p.m.0.20 p.p.m.

0 170000

6 Physical

6.1 Melting Point

1,750.00 °C271.30 °C

27 3410

6.4 Boiling Point

4,790.00 °C1,560.00 °C

147 5660

7.2 Appearance

7.2.1 Physical State

Solid

7.2.2 Color

Silver

7.2.3 Luster

Metallic

7.3 Hardness

7.3.1 Mohs Hardness

3.002.25

0.2 8.5

7.6.2 Brinell Hardness

390.00 MPa70.00 MPa

0.14 3490

7.6.5 Vickers Hardness

295.00 MPaNA

121 3430

7.8 Speed of Sound

2,490.00 m/s1,790.00 m/s

818 16200

7.10 Optical Properties

7.10.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

7.10.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

7.12 Allotropes

✔ ✘

7.12.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

7.12.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

7.12.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

8 Chemical

8.1 Chemical Formula

8.2 Isotopes

8.2.1 Known Isotopes

2833

0 38

8.6 Electronegativity

8.6.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.302.02

0.7 2.54

8.8.1 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA2.34

0.22 2.56

9.1.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.111.67

0.86 1.82

9.1.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NA2.15

0.62 2.48

9.2.1 Allen Electronegativity

NA2.01

0.659 2.7

9.4 Electropositivity

9.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.701.98

1.46 3.3

9.6 Ionization Energies

9.6.1 1st Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

9.6.3 2nd Energy Level

1,110.00 kJ/mol1,610.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

9.7.2 3rd Energy Level

1,978.00 kJ/mol2,466.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

9.7.4 4th Energy Level

2,780.00 kJ/mol4,370.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

9.7.6 5th Energy Level

NA5,400.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

9.8.1 6th Energy Level

NA8,520.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

10.1.4 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

10.1.6 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

10.2.3 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

10.2.5 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

10.2.6 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

10.2.8 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

10.2.9 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

11.1.1 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

11.2.1 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

11.3.1 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

11.3.2 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

11.4.1 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

11.4.2 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

11.5.1 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

11.5.2 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

11.5.3 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

11.6.2 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

11.6.3 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

11.6.5 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

11.6.6 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

11.6.8 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

11.6.9 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

11.6.10 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

11.7.1 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

11.8 Electrochemical Equivalent

2.16 g/amp-hr2.60 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

11.9 Electron Work Function

3.41 eV4.22 eV

2.14 5.65

11.10 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

12 Atomic

12.1 Atomic Number

9083

3 117

12.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³

12.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Rhombohedral (RHO)

12.3.1 Crystal Lattice

12.4 Atom

12.4.1 Number of Protons

9083

3 117

12.4.2 Number of Neutrons

142126

4 184

12.4.3 Number of Electrons

9083

3 117

12.5 Radius of an Atom

12.5.1 Atomic Radius

179.80 pm156.00 pm

112 265

12.5.2 Covalent Radius

206.00 pm148.00 pm

96 260

12.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

237.00 pm207.00 pm

139 348

12.6 Atomic Weight

232.04 amu208.98 amu

6.94 294

12.7 Atomic Volume

19.90 cm3/mol21.30 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

12.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

12.8.1 Previous Element

12.8.2 Next Element

12.9 Valence Electron Potential

59.30 (-eV)41.90 (-eV)

8 392.42

12.10 Lattice Constant

508.42 pm667.40 pm

228.58 891.25

12.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

12.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

13 Mechanical

13.1 Density

13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

11.72 g/cm³9.78 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

13.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA10.05 g/cm3

0.512 20

13.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

13.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

13.4 Vapor Pressure

13.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

13.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

13.5 Elasticity properties

13.5.1 Shear Modulus

31.00 GPa12.00 GPa

1.3 222

13.5.2 Bulk Modulus

54.00 GPa31.00 GPa

1.6 462

13.5.3 Young's Modulus

79.00 GPa32.00 GPa

1.7 528

13.6 Poisson Ratio

0.270.33

0.032 0.47

13.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

14 Magnetic

14.1 Magnetic Characteristics

14.1.1 Specific Gravity

11.709.79

0.53 4500

14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Diamagnetic

14.1.3 Permeability

NA0.00 H/m

1.25643E-06 0.0063

14.1.4 Susceptibility

NA0.00

-0.000166 200000

14.2 Electrical Properties

14.2.1 Electrical Property

Superconductor

Semiconductor

14.2.2 Resistivity

157.00 nΩ·m1.29 nΩ·m

0.18 961

14.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.07 10⁶/cm Ω0.01 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

14.2.4 Electron Affinity

NA91.20 kJ/mol

0 222.8

15 Thermal

15.1 Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

15.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.23 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

15.3 Thermal Conductivity

54.00 W/m·K7.97 W/m·K

6.3 429

15.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

15.5 Thermal Expansion

11.00 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

15.6 Enthalpy

15.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

429.00 kJ/mol151.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

15.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

15.48 kJ/mol10.90 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

15.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

468.60 kJ/mol207.10 kJ/mol

61.5 837

15.7 Standard Molar Entropy

27.30 J/mol.K56.70 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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