Californium

Aluminium

Californium vs Aluminium

Californium

Aluminium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

NA13

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.5 Block

f block

p block

1.6 Element Family

Actinide

Post-Transition

1.7 CAS Number

74407137429905

7429905 54386242

1.8 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Fm_ 3m

1.9 Space Group Number

194.00225.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.

Californium metal is the heaviest metal.

Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.

Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.

It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.

2.2 Sources

Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions

By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Hans Christian Oersted

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1950

In 1825

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA5 * 10^-3 %

5E-09 0.11

2.6.1 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.006 %

1E-08 0.1

2.7.1 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.91 %

1.7E-07 22

2.9.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA8.10 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.1.2 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.1.3 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

4 Uses

4.1 Uses & Benefits

Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.

Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.

4.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

4.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

4.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Nuclear Research

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

4.2 Biological Properties

4.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Non Toxic

4.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

4.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.39 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

4.3.1 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.27.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

5 Physical

5.1 Melting Point

900.00 °C660.37 °C

27 3410

5.2 Boiling Point

1,470.00 °C2,467.00 °C

147 5660

5.4 Appearance

5.4.1 Physical State

Solid

5.4.2 Color

Silver

Silvery Gray

5.4.3 Luster

Metallic

5.5 Hardness

5.5.1 Mohs Hardness

3.002.75

0.2 8.5

5.5.3 Brinell Hardness

NA160.00 MPa

0.14 3490

5.5.5 Vickers Hardness

NA160.00 MPa

121 3430

5.7 Speed of Sound

NA5,000.00 m/s

818 16200

6.2 Optical Properties

6.2.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

6.2.2 Reflectivity

NA71.00 %

58 97

6.3 Allotropes

✔ ✘

6.3.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

6.3.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

6.3.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

7 Chemical

7.1 Chemical Formula

7.2 Isotopes

7.2.1 Known Isotopes

2011

0 38

7.4 Electronegativity

7.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.61

0.7 2.54

7.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA1.71

0.22 2.56

7.4.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.201.47

0.86 1.82

7.4.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NA1.83

0.62 2.48

8.1.1 Allen Electronegativity

NA1.61

0.659 2.7

8.3 Electropositivity

8.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.39

1.46 3.3

8.4 Ionization Energies

8.4.1 1st Energy Level

608.00 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

8.5.1 2nd Energy Level

1,206.00 kJ/mol1,816.70 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

8.6.1 3rd Energy Level

2,267.00 kJ/mol2,744.80 kJ/mol

1600 34230

8.7.1 4th Energy Level

3,599.00 kJ/mol11,577.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

8.7.2 5th Energy Level

NA14,842.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

8.8.2 6th Energy Level

NA18,379.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

8.8.3 7th Energy level

NA23,326.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

8.8.5 8th Energy Level

NA27,465.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

8.8.7 9th Energy Level

NA31,853.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

8.8.8 10th Energy Level

NA38,473.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

8.9.1 11th Energy Level

NA42,647.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

8.9.2 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

8.9.3 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

8.9.4 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

8.9.5 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

8.9.6 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

8.9.7 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

8.9.8 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

8.9.9 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

8.9.10 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

8.9.11 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

8.9.12 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

8.9.13 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

8.9.14 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

8.9.15 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

8.9.16 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

8.9.17 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

8.9.18 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

8.9.19 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

8.9.20 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

8.10 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.12 g/amp-hr0.34 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

8.11 Electron Work Function

NA4.28 eV

2.14 5.65

8.12 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

9 Atomic

9.1 Atomic Number

9813

3 117

9.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²

[Ne] 3s² 3p¹

9.3 Crystal Structure

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

9.3.1 Crystal Lattice

9.4 Atom

9.4.1 Number of Protons

9813

3 117

9.4.2 Number of Neutrons

15314

4 184

9.4.3 Number of Electrons

9813

3 117

9.5 Radius of an Atom

9.5.1 Atomic Radius

186.00 pm143.00 pm

112 265

9.5.2 Covalent Radius

NA121.00 pm

96 260

9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

NA184.00 pm

139 348

9.6 Atomic Weight

251.00 amu26.98 amu

6.94 294

9.7 Atomic Volume

NA10.00 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

9.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

9.8.1 Previous Element

9.8.2 Next Element

9.9 Valence Electron Potential

44.50 (-eV)80.70 (-eV)

8 392.42

9.10 Lattice Constant

338.00 pm404.95 pm

228.58 891.25

9.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

9.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

10 Mechanical

10.1 Density

10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

15.10 g/cm³2.70 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

10.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA2.38 g/cm3

0.512 20

10.2 Tensile Strength

NA40.00 MPa

2.5 11000

10.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

10.4 Vapor Pressure

10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

10.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

10.5 Elasticity properties

10.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA26.00 GPa

1.3 222

10.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA76.00 GPa

1.6 462

10.5.3 Young's Modulus

NA70.00 GPa

1.7 528

10.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.35

0.032 0.47

10.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Malleable, Sectile

Ductile, Malleable

11 Magnetic

11.1 Magnetic Characteristics

11.1.1 Specific Gravity

15.102.72

0.53 4500

11.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

11.1.3 Permeability

NA0.00 H/m

1.25643E-06 0.0063

11.1.4 Susceptibility

NA0.00

-0.000166 200000

11.2 Electrical Properties

11.2.1 Electrical Property

Unknown

Conductor

11.2.2 Resistivity

NA28.20 nΩ·m

0.18 961

11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

NA0.38 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

11.2.4 Electron Affinity

NA42.50 kJ/mol

0 222.8

12 Thermal

12.1 Specific Heat

NA0.90 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

12.2 Molar Heat Capacity

NA24.20 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

12.3 Thermal Conductivity

NA237.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

12.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

12.5 Thermal Expansion

NA23.10 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

12.6 Enthalpy

12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

NA293.70 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

12.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

NA10.67 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

12.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

NA322.20 kJ/mol

61.5 837

12.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NA28.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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