1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.6 Period Number
1.9 Block
1.10 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
1.11 CAS Number
74404737440746
7429905
54386242
2.5 Space Group Name
2.6 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
3.3.2 Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798
In 1863
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %3 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
4.2.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.002 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
4.2.7 Abundance In Meteorites
5.1.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
6.3.1 Abundance In Oceans
6.3.3 Abundance In Humans
8 Uses
8.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
8.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
8.1.2 Medical Uses
8.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
8.2 Biological Properties
8.2.1 Toxicity
8.2.2 Present in Human Body
8.2.3 In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
8.3.2 In Bone
9 Physical
9.1 Melting Point
1,857.00 °C156.61 °C
27
3410
9.2 Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C2,000.00 °C
147
5660
9.4 Appearance
9.4.1 Physical State
9.4.2 Color
9.4.3 Luster
9.5 Hardness
9.5.1 Mohs Hardness
9.5.3 Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa8.80 MPa
0.14
3490
9.7.1 Vickers Hardness
9.8 Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s1,215.00 m/s
818
16200
10.5 Optical Properties
10.5.1 Refractive Index
11.3.2 Reflectivity
11.5 Allotropes
11.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12 Chemical
12.1 Chemical Formula
12.2 Isotopes
12.2.1 Known Isotopes
12.3 Electronegativity
12.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
12.3.5 Sanderson Electronegativity
12.3.7 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
12.4.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
12.6.3 Allen Electronegativity
12.8 Electropositivity
12.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
12.9 Ionization Energies
12.9.1 1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
12.9.3 2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol1,820.70 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
12.9.7 3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol2,704.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
12.9.10 4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol5,210.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
12.9.13 5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
12.9.16 6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
12.9.18 7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
12.9.20 8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
12.9.23 9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
12.9.26 10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
12.9.27 11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
12.9.30 12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
12.9.33 13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
12.9.36 14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
12.9.40 15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
12.9.44 16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
12.9.48 17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
12.9.52 18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
12.9.56 19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
12.9.62 20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
12.9.66 21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/molNA
87000
179100
12.9.70 22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/molNA
93400
184900
12.9.73 23rd Energy Level
12.9.76 24th Energy Level
12.10.2 25th Energy Level
12.10.3 26th Energy Level
12.12.1 27th Energy Level
12.12.2 28th Energy Level
13.2.1 29th Energy Level
13.2.2 30th Energy Level
14.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr1.43 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
14.6 Electron Work Function
14.7 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
15 Atomic
15.1 Atomic Number
15.3 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
15.4 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Tetragonal (TETR)
15.4.1 Crystal Lattice
15.5 Atom
15.5.1 Number of Protons
15.5.4 Number of Neutrons
15.6.3 Number of Electrons
15.8 Radius of an Atom
15.8.1 Atomic Radius
128.00 pm167.00 pm
112
265
15.9.1 Covalent Radius
139.00 pm142.00 pm
96
260
15.10.1 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm193.00 pm
139
348
15.14 Atomic Weight
52.00 amu114.82 amu
6.94
294
15.18 Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol15.70 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
16.2 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
16.2.1 Previous Element
16.2.2 Next Element
16.3 Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)54.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
16.6 Lattice Constant
291.00 pm325.23 pm
228.58
891.25
17.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
17.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
18 Mechanical
18.1 Density
18.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm37.31 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
18.4.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm37.02 g/cm3
0.512
20
18.6 Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa2.50 MPa
2.5
11000
18.8 Viscosity
18.10 Vapor Pressure
18.10.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.01 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
18.11.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)NA
2.62E-10
774
18.12 Elasticity properties
18.12.1 Shear Modulus
18.12.4 Bulk Modulus
18.13.2 Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa11.00 GPa
1.7
528
19.3 Poisson Ratio
20.2 Other Mechanical Properties
21 Magnetic
21.1 Magnetic Characteristics
21.1.1 Specific Gravity
21.2.3 Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic
Diamagnetic
21.2.4 Permeability
21.2.6 Susceptibility
21.4 Electrical Properties
21.4.1 Electrical Property
21.4.2 Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m83.70 nΩ·m
0.18
961
21.4.5 Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω0.12 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
22.1.2 Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol28.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
24 Thermal
24.1 Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
24.4 Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K26.74 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
24.7 Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K81.80 W/m·K
6.3
429
24.10 Critical Temperature
24.13 Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)32.10 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
24.15 Enthalpy
24.15.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol226.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
24.15.4 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol3.28 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
24.16.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol242.70 kJ/mol
61.5
837
24.18 Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K57.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1