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Hafnium
Hafnium

Magnesium
Magnesium



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Hafnium vs Magnesium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Hf
Mg
1.2 Group Number
42
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
63
Lithium
2 7
1.5 Block
d block
s block
1.6 Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
1.7 CAS Number
74405867439954
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.11 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.12 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
2.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Joseph Black
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1922
In 1755
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %6 * 10-2 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.07 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
3.4.2 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %12.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
3.4.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %2.90 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
3.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.13 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
3.4.7 Abundance In Humans
NA0.03 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA37.80 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
4.2.4 In Bone
NA1,800.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C650.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
6.2 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C1,107.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
6.4 Appearance
6.4.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
6.4.2 Color
Gray
Gray
6.4.3 Luster
Metallic
NA
6.5 Hardness
6.5.1 Mohs Hardness
5.502.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
7.1.1 Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa260.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
7.1.2 Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPaNA
Palladium
121 3430
7.3 Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s4,940.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
7.6 Optical Properties
7.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
7.6.2 Reflectivity
NA74.00 %
Molybdenum
58 97
7.7 Allotropes
7.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
Hf
Mg
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
3215
Tennessine
0 38
8.3 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.301.31
Francium
0.7 2.54
8.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NA1.32
Cesium
0.22 2.56
8.4.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.231.23
Cesium
0.86 1.82
8.4.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA1.37
Cesium
0.62 2.48
8.5.2 Allen Electronegativity
1.161.29
Cesium
0.659 2.7
8.6 Electropositivity
8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.702.69
Gold
1.46 3.3
9.3 Ionization Energies
9.3.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol737.70 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
9.3.2 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,450.70 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
9.3.3 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol7,732.70 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
9.4.2 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol10,542.50 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
9.4.4 5th Energy Level
NA13,630.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
9.4.5 6th Energy Level
NA18,020.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
9.4.6 7th Energy level
NA21,711.00 kJ/mol
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
9.4.8 8th Energy Level
NA25,661.00 kJ/mol
Hassium
8857.4 125300
9.4.10 9th Energy Level
NA31,653.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
14110 134700
9.4.11 10th Energy Level
NA35,458.00 kJ/mol
Strontium
17100 144300
9.4.13 11th Energy Level
NA169,988.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
19900 169988
9.4.14 12th Energy Level
NA189,368.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
22219 189368
9.5.2 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
9.5.3 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
9.6.2 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
9.6.3 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
9.6.5 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
9.6.7 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
9.6.8 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
9.6.9 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
9.6.11 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
9.6.12 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
9.6.14 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
9.6.16 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
9.6.17 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
9.6.19 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
9.6.21 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
9.6.22 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
9.6.24 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
9.6.26 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
9.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr0.45 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
9.8 Electron Work Function
3.90 eV3.66 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
9.9 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
7212
Lithium
3 117
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Ne] 3s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
7212
Lithium
3 117
10.4.3 Number of Neutrons
10612
Lithium
4 184
10.4.5 Number of Electrons
7212
Lithium
3 117
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm160.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
10.5.3 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm141.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
10.5.5 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm173.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
10.6 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu24.31 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
10.7 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol13.97 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)40.00 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm320.94 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58NA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm31.74 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
11.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm31.58 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
11.2 Tensile Strength
445.00 MPaNA
Indium
2.5 11000
11.4 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
11.5 Vapor Pressure
11.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
11.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
11.8 Elasticity properties
11.8.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa17.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
12.3.1 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa45.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
12.4.2 Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa45.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
12.5 Poisson Ratio
0.370.29
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
12.6 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.311.74
Lithium
0.53 4500
13.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
13.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
13.2.3 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
13.3 Electrical Properties
13.3.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
13.3.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m43.90 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
13.4.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.23 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
13.5.1 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)1.02 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
14.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K24.87 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
14.4 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K156.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
15.2 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
15.3 Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)24.80 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
15.4 Enthalpy
15.4.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol128.70 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
15.5.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol8.95 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
15.7.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol148.50 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
15.8 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K32.70 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1