1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.3 Group Number
1.7 Period Number
2.5 Block
2.6 Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
2.7 CAS Number
74407467440188
7429905
54386242
2.8 Space Group Name
1.2 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
Karl Ernst Claus
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-8 %4 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.5.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.0000005 %
1E-08
0.1
2.8.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.10.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.4.3 Abundance In Oceans
4.4.6 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
Medical Research
6.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Alloys
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
6.3.2 In Bone
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
156.61 °C2,250.00 °C
27
3410
7.2 Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C3,900.00 °C
147
5660
7.3 Appearance
7.3.2 Physical State
7.3.3 Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
7.3.4 Luster
7.4 Hardness
7.4.1 Mohs Hardness
8.3.2 Brinell Hardness
8.80 MPa2,160.00 MPa
0.14
3490
9.1.1 Vickers Hardness
10.4 Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s5,970.00 m/s
818
16200
10.6 Optical Properties
10.6.1 Refractive Index
10.8.3 Reflectivity
10.9 Allotropes
10.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11 Chemical
11.1 Chemical Formula
11.2 Isotopes
11.2.1 Known Isotopes
11.4 Electronegativity
11.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
11.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
11.9.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
11.10.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
12.2.2 Allen Electronegativity
12.4 Electropositivity
12.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
12.5 Ionization Energies
12.5.1 1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
12.5.4 2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol710.22 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
12.5.7 3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol2,747.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
12.5.10 4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
12.5.12 5th Energy Level
12.5.15 6th Energy Level
12.6.2 7th Energy level
12.7.2 8th Energy Level
12.7.5 9th Energy Level
12.7.8 10th Energy Level
12.7.11 11th Energy Level
12.7.13 12th Energy Level
12.7.17 13th Energy Level
12.7.21 14th Energy Level
12.7.24 15th Energy Level
12.7.27 16th Energy Level
12.7.30 17th Energy Level
12.7.33 18th Energy Level
12.7.36 19th Energy Level
12.7.39 20th Energy Level
12.7.41 21st Energy Level
12.7.44 22nd Energy Level
12.7.47 23rd Energy Level
12.7.49 24th Energy Level
12.7.52 25th Energy Level
12.8.2 26th Energy Level
12.8.3 27th Energy Level
12.9.2 28th Energy Level
13.1.2 29th Energy Level
13.1.3 30th Energy Level
13.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
13.6 Electron Work Function
13.7 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
14 Atomic
14.1 Atomic Number
14.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
14.3 Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
14.4.2 Crystal Lattice
14.5 Atom
14.5.1 Number of Protons
14.5.5 Number of Neutrons
14.5.9 Number of Electrons
14.7 Radius of an Atom
14.7.1 Atomic Radius
167.00 pm134.00 pm
112
265
14.8.2 Covalent Radius
142.00 pm146.00 pm
96
260
14.11.1 Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
14.13 Atomic Weight
114.82 amu101.07 amu
6.94
294
14.17 Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
16.2 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
16.2.1 Previous Element
16.2.2 Next Element
16.3 Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
16.7 Lattice Constant
325.23 pm270.59 pm
228.58
891.25
16.9 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
16.10 Lattice C/A Ratio
17 Mechanical
17.1 Density
17.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm312.45 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
17.2.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.02 g/cm310.65 g/cm3
0.512
20
17.5 Tensile Strength
17.6 Viscosity
17.7 Vapor Pressure
17.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
17.8.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
17.10 Elasticity properties
17.10.1 Shear Modulus
18.1.2 Bulk Modulus
18.3.3 Young's Modulus
11.00 GPa447.00 GPa
1.7
528
18.7 Poisson Ratio
19.2 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
20 Magnetic
20.1 Magnetic Characteristics
20.1.1 Specific Gravity
20.1.4 Magnetic Ordering
20.1.5 Permeability
20.1.7 Susceptibility
20.3 Electrical Properties
20.3.1 Electrical Property
20.3.2 Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
21.4.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
21.5.2 Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol101.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
22 Thermal
22.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
22.3 Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
22.4 Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
22.6 Critical Temperature
22.7 Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
22.8 Enthalpy
22.8.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
22.10.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
23.1.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
23.2 Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K28.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1