Nickel

Promethium

Nickel Promethium Comparison

Nickel

Promethium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

10NA

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

2.3 Block

d block

f block

2.4 Element Family

Transition Metal

Lanthanide

2.5 CAS Number

74400207440122

7429905 54386242

2.6 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

Not Available

2.7 Space Group Number

225.00NA

11 229

4 Facts

4.1 Interesting Facts

Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.

Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.

4.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Found in Minerals, Mining

4.3 History

4.3.1 Who Discovered

Axel Fredrik Cronstedt

Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe

4.3.2 Discovery

In 1751

In 1942

4.4 Abundance

4.4.1 Abundance In Universe

6 * 10^-3 %NA

5E-09 0.11

4.5.1 Abundance In Sun

~0.008 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

4.7.2 Abundance In Meteorites

1.30 %NA

1.7E-07 22

4.7.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %NA

9.9E-12 8.1

4.7.6 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %NA

2E-23 1.1

4.7.7 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

5 Uses

5.1 Uses & Benefits

It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.

It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.

Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.

5.1.1 Industrial Uses

Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

5.1.2 Medical Uses

5.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

5.2 Biological Properties

5.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Non Toxic

5.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

5.2.3 In Blood

0.05 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

5.3.3 In Bone

0.70 p.p.m.NA

0 170000

7 Physical

7.1 Melting Point

1,453.00 °C1,042.00 °C

27 3410

7.3 Boiling Point

2,732.00 °C3,000.00 °C

147 5660

7.4 Appearance

7.4.1 Physical State

Solid

7.4.2 Color

Silver

Unknown

7.4.3 Luster

Metallic

7.5 Hardness

7.5.1 Mohs Hardness

4.00NA

0.2 8.5

7.5.3 Brinell Hardness

667.00 MPaNA

0.14 3490

7.5.5 Vickers Hardness

638.00 MPaNA

121 3430

7.6 Speed of Sound

4,900.00 m/sNA

818 16200

7.8 Optical Properties

7.8.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

7.9.2 Reflectivity

72.00 %NA

58 97

7.10 Allotropes

✔ ✘

7.10.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

7.10.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

7.10.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

8 Chemical

8.1 Chemical Formula

8.2 Isotopes

8.2.1 Known Isotopes

2527

0 38

8.3 Electronegativity

8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.91NA

0.7 2.54

8.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.94NA

0.22 2.56

8.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.751.07

0.86 1.82

8.3.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

8.3.10 Allen Electronegativity

1.88NA

0.659 2.7

8.4 Electropositivity

8.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.09NA

1.46 3.3

8.5 Ionization Energies

8.5.1 1st Energy Level

737.10 kJ/mol540.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

8.5.3 2nd Energy Level

1,753.00 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

8.5.5 3rd Energy Level

3,395.00 kJ/mol2,150.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

8.5.7 4th Energy Level

5,300.00 kJ/mol3,970.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

8.5.9 5th Energy Level

7,339.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

8.5.10 6th Energy Level

10,400.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

8.5.12 7th Energy level

12,800.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

8.5.14 8th Energy Level

15,600.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

8.5.16 9th Energy Level

18,600.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

8.5.18 10th Energy Level

21,670.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

8.5.20 11th Energy Level

30,970.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

8.5.23 12th Energy Level

34,000.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

8.5.25 13th Energy Level

37,100.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

8.5.28 14th Energy Level

41,500.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

8.5.30 15th Energy Level

44,800.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

8.5.32 16th Energy Level

48,100.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

8.5.35 17th Energy Level

55,101.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

8.5.37 18th Energy Level

58,570.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

8.5.39 19th Energy Level

148,700.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

8.6.1 20th Energy Level

159,000.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

8.6.2 21st Energy Level

169,400.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

8.7.1 22nd Energy Level

182,700.00 kJ/molNA

93400 184900

9.1.1 23rd Energy Level

194,000.00 kJ/molNA

98420 198800

9.1.2 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

9.4.2 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

9.4.3 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

9.4.5 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

9.4.6 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

9.4.8 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

9.4.9 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

9.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.10 g/amp-hr1.80 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

9.7 Electron Work Function

5.15 eVNA

2.14 5.65

9.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

10 Atomic

10.1 Atomic Number

2861

3 117

10.3 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s² Or [Ar] 3d⁹ 4s¹

[Xe] 4f⁵ 6s²

10.4 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

10.4.1 Crystal Lattice

10.5 Atom

10.5.1 Number of Protons

2861

3 117

10.6.1 Number of Neutrons

3184

4 184

10.9.1 Number of Electrons

2861

3 117

10.12 Radius of an Atom

10.12.1 Atomic Radius

124.00 pm183.00 pm

112 265

11.1.2 Covalent Radius

124.00 pm199.00 pm

96 260

11.1.4 Van der Waals Radius

163.00 pm236.00 pm

139 348

11.2 Atomic Weight

58.69 amu145.00 amu

6.94 294

11.4 Atomic Volume

6.59 cm3/mol22.39 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

11.7 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

11.7.1 Previous Element

11.7.2 Next Element

11.8 Valence Electron Potential

42.00 (-eV)44.10 (-eV)

8 392.42

11.9 Lattice Constant

352.40 pmNA

228.58 891.25

11.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

Unknown

11.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

12 Mechanical

12.1 Density

12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

8.91 g/cm³7.26 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

12.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

7.81 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

12.3 Tensile Strength

345.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

12.4 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

13.2 Vapor Pressure

13.2.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

13.2.4 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

19.50 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

13.3 Elasticity properties

13.3.1 Shear Modulus

76.00 GPa18.00 GPa

1.3 222

13.4.3 Bulk Modulus

180.00 GPa33.00 GPa

1.6 462

13.4.5 Young's Modulus

200.00 GPa46.00 GPa

1.7 528

13.5 Poisson Ratio

0.310.28

0.032 0.47

14.2 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

15 Magnetic

15.1 Magnetic Characteristics

15.1.1 Specific Gravity

8.907.26

0.53 4500

15.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Ferromagnetic

Paramagnetic

15.1.3 Permeability

0.00 H/mNA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

15.2.1 Susceptibility

600.00NA

-0.000166 200000

15.3 Electrical Properties

15.3.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

15.3.2 Resistivity

69.30 nΩ·m0.75 nΩ·m

0.18 961

15.4.1 Electrical Conductivity

0.14 10⁶/cm ΩNA

0.00666 0.63

15.5.1 Electron Affinity

112.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

16 Thermal

16.1 Specific Heat

0.44 J/(kg K)0.18 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

16.3 Molar Heat Capacity

26.07 J/mol·KNA

16.443 62.7

16.4 Thermal Conductivity

90.90 W/m·K17.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

16.5 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

16.7 Thermal Expansion

13.40 µm/(m·K)9.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

16.8 Enthalpy

16.8.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

371.80 kJ/molNA

7.32 799.1

16.8.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

17.57 kJ/mol7.50 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

16.8.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

422.60 kJ/mol310.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

16.9 Standard Molar Entropy

29.90 J/mol.KNA

9.5 198.1

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