1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.2 Period Number
2.3 Block
2.4 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
2.5 CAS Number
74400537440699
7429905
54386242
2.6 Space Group Name
2.7 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
3.2 Sources
Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Claude François Geoffroy
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %7 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
3.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %~0.000006 %
1E-08
0.1
3.5.5 Abundance In Meteorites
3.6.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.6.4 Abundance In Oceans
3.6.7 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Industry
4.1.3 Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.02 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.6 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,554.90 °C271.30 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C1,560.00 °C
147
5660
6.3 Appearance
6.3.1 Physical State
6.3.2 Color
6.3.4 Luster
6.4 Hardness
6.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.4.4 Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa70.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.5.4 Vickers Hardness
6.6 Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s1,790.00 m/s
818
16200
6.7 Optical Properties
6.7.1 Refractive Index
6.7.4 Reflectivity
6.9 Allotropes
6.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.2 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.4.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.2.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.5.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.6.1 Allen Electronegativity
9.8 Electropositivity
9.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.10 Ionization Energies
9.10.1 1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.10.2 2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol1,610.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.11.3 3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol2,466.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.11.5 4th Energy Level
NA4,370.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.11.8 5th Energy Level
NA5,400.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.13.1 6th Energy Level
NA8,520.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.14.1 7th Energy level
9.14.2 8th Energy Level
9.16.1 9th Energy Level
9.17.1 10th Energy Level
9.19.1 11th Energy Level
10.1.2 12th Energy Level
10.1.4 13th Energy Level
10.2.1 14th Energy Level
10.4.2 15th Energy Level
10.4.4 16th Energy Level
10.5.2 17th Energy Level
10.5.3 18th Energy Level
10.5.5 19th Energy Level
10.5.7 20th Energy Level
10.5.8 21st Energy Level
10.6.1 22nd Energy Level
10.6.2 23rd Energy Level
11.1.2 24th Energy Level
11.1.5 25th Energy Level
11.1.7 26th Energy Level
1.2.1 27th Energy Level
1.3.3 28th Energy Level
1.4.1 29th Energy Level
1.4.3 30th Energy Level
1.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr2.60 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
1.11 Electron Work Function
2.2 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
3 Atomic
3.1 Atomic Number
4.6 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
4.7 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
4.7.1 Crystal Lattice
4.8 Atom
4.8.1 Number of Protons
4.9.2 Number of Neutrons
4.10.2 Number of Electrons
4.12 Radius of an Atom
4.12.1 Atomic Radius
137.00 pm156.00 pm
112
265
4.12.2 Covalent Radius
139.00 pm148.00 pm
96
260
4.13.3 Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm207.00 pm
139
348
4.14 Atomic Weight
106.42 amu208.98 amu
6.94
294
4.15 Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol21.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
5.3 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
5.3.1 Previous Element
5.3.2 Next Element
5.4 Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)41.90 (-eV)
8
392.42
5.6 Lattice Constant
389.07 pm667.40 pm
228.58
891.25
6.2 Lattice Angles
6.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm39.78 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm310.05 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.5 Tensile Strength
7.6 Viscosity
7.7 Vapor Pressure
7.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.7.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.9 Elasticity properties
7.9.1 Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa12.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.10.2 Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa31.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.10.4 Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa32.00 GPa
1.7
528
8.3 Poisson Ratio
8.5 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
NA
9 Magnetic
9.1 Magnetic Characteristics
9.1.1 Specific Gravity
9.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
9.1.3 Permeability
NA0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
9.1.5 Susceptibility
9.2 Electrical Properties
9.2.1 Electrical Property
9.2.2 Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m1.29 nΩ·m
0.18
961
9.2.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
9.2.6 Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol91.20 kJ/mol
0
222.8
10 Thermal
10.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
10.3 Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
10.4 Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K7.97 W/m·K
6.3
429
10.5 Critical Temperature
10.6 Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
10.7 Enthalpy
10.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol151.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
10.7.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol10.90 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
10.7.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol207.10 kJ/mol
61.5
837
10.8 Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K56.70 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1