1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
2.5 Block
2.6 Element Family
Post-Transition
Lanthanide
2.7 CAS Number
74400867439943
7429905
54386242
2.11 Space Group Name
2.12 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Metal dust of Lutetium element is highly explosive.
- Lutetium metal is corrosion resistance and acts stable in air.
4.3 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
4.4 History
4.5.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Georges Urbain and Carl Auer von Welsbach
4.5.3 Discovery
4.6 Abundance
4.6.1 Abundance In Universe
4.8.1 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
4.9.1 Abundance In Meteorites
4.10.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.10.5 Abundance In Oceans
4.10.7 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- Lutetium metal is used outside research. It has commercial uses like Industrial catalyst for cracking oil refineries of hydrocarbons .
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
NA
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
6.3.1 In Bone
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
254.00 °C1,652.00 °C
27
3410
8.2 Boiling Point
962.00 °C3,402.00 °C
147
5660
8.4 Appearance
8.4.1 Physical State
8.4.2 Color
8.4.3 Luster
8.5 Hardness
8.5.1 Mohs Hardness
8.7.2 Brinell Hardness
8.7.4 Vickers Hardness
8.8 Speed of Sound
8.10 Optical Properties
8.10.1 Refractive Index
8.10.2 Reflectivity
8.12 Allotropes
8.12.1 α Allotropes
8.12.2 β Allotropes
8.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
10.2.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
10.3.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
10.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
10.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
10.4 Electropositivity
10.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
10.5 Ionization Energies
10.5.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol523.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
10.5.3 2nd Energy Level
NA1,340.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
10.5.4 3rd Energy Level
NA2,022.30 kJ/mol
1600
34230
10.6.2 4th Energy Level
NA4,370.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
10.7.3 5th Energy Level
NA6,445.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
10.7.4 6th Energy Level
10.7.6 7th Energy level
10.7.8 8th Energy Level
10.7.9 9th Energy Level
10.7.11 10th Energy Level
10.7.13 11th Energy Level
10.7.16 12th Energy Level
10.7.18 13th Energy Level
10.7.20 14th Energy Level
10.7.22 15th Energy Level
10.7.23 16th Energy Level
10.7.25 17th Energy Level
10.7.27 18th Energy Level
10.7.29 19th Energy Level
10.7.30 20th Energy Level
10.7.32 21st Energy Level
10.7.34 22nd Energy Level
10.7.36 23rd Energy Level
10.7.37 24th Energy Level
10.7.39 25th Energy Level
10.7.41 26th Energy Level
10.7.42 27th Energy Level
10.7.44 28th Energy Level
10.7.46 29th Energy Level
10.7.48 30th Energy Level
10.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr2.18 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
10.9 Electron Work Function
10.10 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
11 Atomic
11.1 Atomic Number
11.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1
11.3 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
11.3.1 Crystal Lattice
11.4 Atom
11.4.1 Number of Protons
11.4.4 Number of Neutrons
11.5.1 Number of Electrons
11.7 Radius of an Atom
11.7.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm174.00 pm
112
265
11.7.2 Covalent Radius
140.00 pm187.00 pm
96
260
12.1.1 Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm221.00 pm
139
348
12.5 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu174.97 amu
6.94
294
12.6 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol17.78 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
12.7 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.7.1 Previous Element
12.7.2 Next Element
12.8 Valence Electron Potential
12.9 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm350.31 pm
228.58
891.25
12.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
12.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm39.84 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm39.30 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.3 Tensile Strength
13.5 Viscosity
13.8 Vapor Pressure
13.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.9.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.10 Elasticity properties
13.10.1 Shear Modulus
14.0.1 Bulk Modulus
14.1.2 Young's Modulus
14.2 Poisson Ratio
14.4 Other Mechanical Properties
15 Magnetic
15.1 Magnetic Characteristics
15.1.1 Specific Gravity
15.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
15.2.2 Permeability
15.3.2 Susceptibility
15.4 Electrical Properties
15.4.1 Electrical Property
15.4.2 Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m582.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.5.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.5.4 Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.15 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.3 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K26.86 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.2 Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K16.40 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.3 Critical Temperature
17.4 Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)9.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol355.90 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.6.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol18.70 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.6.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol398.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
18.2 Standard Molar Entropy
NA51.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1